United States Economic Interest in South Asia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 5929 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? After the Cold War, US emerged as the sole super power in the world. It started establishing military bases in all regions around the world. Central Asia, South Asia, Middle East and East Asia are the regions which have their own peculiarities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "United States Economic Interest in South Asia" essay for you Create order South Asia due to its presence along Indian Ocean, proximity to oil rich Central Asian States, nuclear rivalry between India and Pakistan and its neighbourhood with Afghanistan; has peculiarities and strategic importance which US could not ignore. Resultantly, especially after 9/11, US entered this region in the garb of war on terrorism and engaged both Pakistan and India in strong strategic relationship. Emergence of China and India in the region as economic powers has attracted the world powers. This paper will endeavour to highlight US economic interest in this region to gain hegemony in the Indian Ocean, maintain presence in oil rich central Asia, check Chinese influence in South and Central Asia and Indian Ocean, continue its war on terrorism in Afghanistan and bring political stability, control flow of oil from Persian Gulf, and gain control of Sea Line of Communications in the Indian Ocean. After identifying and analysing US economic interests in particular, certain recommendations would be proffered for South Asian countries so that we should not fall prey to the great game of the super power. Problem Statement Economic affairs have assumed a greater importance under the prevalent environments of uni-polar world, where major powers are looking for new markets. South Asia is one of the biggest and most lucrative consumer markets. Emerging economies of India and China has given special status to this region. Resultantly, US economic interests in the region have increased its manifold. Foregoing in view, carry out an in depth study of US economic interest in South Asia, its implications for the region and suggest recommendations for regional nations to safe guard their economic interests. Background Economic globalization involves arguably the most fundamental redesign and centralization of the planetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s political and economic arrangements since the Industrial Revolution. Despite the scale of the global reordering, neither our educational institutions nor the mass media have made credible effort to describe what is being formulated, to explain its root philosophies or to explore the multidimensionality of its effect on out society and economy. The occasional descriptions or predictions about the global economy and scarcely the US interests highlighted have found place in the media. Hissing sound is heard from corporate leaders, their allies in high levels of government and newly powerful centralized global trade bureaucracy. The vision they offer us area unfailingly positive, even utopian. Globalization i.e by increasing US ingress in our economy will remain to be a panacea for all our ills. Sri Lanka like the other third world countries confronts a major dilemma today regarding its deplorable economic conditions internally and trying to keep her relevance in the charging economic climate of South Asia. Growing US interest in the region is in fact the food for thought for Sri Lankan think tanks. Purpose of Study The growing US interest in India is to be viewed deliberately and at the same time its effect. Thus clear shift from Geo political/ strategic to Geo economic is visible on the map of South Asia. Study thus seeks to analyze the affect of growing US interests in the region and Sri Lankan stance being relevant to the changing US economic interests in South Asia. chapter two Significance of the Study In todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s world, power is not only depending on a countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s might in her Military. The economic stability and sustainability also plays a magnificent role. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s vitally important not only for the countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ who are big in population or in geographical area, but in those countries who are small in size of land in terms of population. The geographic location where the country lies does play no lesser degree. The research topic revolves around the poorest regions in the world and has millions of middle-class citizens. Plagued by low levels of literacy, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s nonetheless produces distinguished scientists, artists and professionals. Contains an awesome and bewildering diversity of languages, religions and ethnicities, but is remarkably cohesive in terms of physical environment and natural resources. The countries share rivers, mountains systems, oceans and ecological cycles such as the life-sustaining monsoon rains. The states of the region have their share of disputes, along with deeply shared cultures and history. The prospect of a new departure in South Asia à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" US relations must be set against a past often burdened by mistrust and sharply different objectives. During most of the post à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" World War II period, US ties with India and Pakistan, the regionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s two powers, vacillated between close embrace and uneasy distance. The US interest in the region has risen and fallen; same has been viewed with a new dimension i.e the economic dimension of the US in the South Asian region. Before taking any further into the methodology and the problem statement it is worth mentioning the US economic interest in South Asian Countries specific. Afghanistan Present Aims Of US. In Afghanistan effort to transform what had become one of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s principal sources of instability into a secure and prosperous country. Steps which full fill the Geo Political aims of US are:- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Rebuilding of the country and the society. Loya Jirga has been institutionalized. Rebuilding the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s infrastructure, education, health systems and security forces. Forward-looking economic policies. US has already provided over $2 billion in assistance to Afghanistan and will be providing an additional $2.2 billion more during this year. Training Afghan army, police forces; US and other allies are also building a network of Provincial Reconstruction Teams to help provide local security and coordinate development and reconstruction while easing the transition to civilian rule. Efforts to disarm and demobilize militias[1]. Bangladesh Back Ground. US and Bangladesh have been close friends and partners since 1971. Today the stakes are great; experts estimate that by the year 2025, there will be over 200 million people in Bangladesh and over 25 million people in Dhaka alone. Thus demographic challenges are of a great concern to a developing nation. US Investment and Concerns. At $1.3 billion, the US is Bangladeshà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s biggest foreign investor. The concerns of US while investing are:- Privatization, export diversification, deregulation, financial sector reform, and major infrastructure investments are essential to reverse the declining foreign investment trends and achieve steady economic growth. Corruption and poor governance. US has increased its assistance to Bangladesh for promoting democracy and good governance and combating corruption to over $8 million in Fiscal Year 2006. The hub of Population remains an attraction with availability of cheap and technical labor. As per Vishal, USA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Bangladesh can seek a lot tech help from bigger partner USA and in turn send technical man power to the Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[2]. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Bangladesh is sitting virtually on oilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[3]. Bangladesh Interests. Few of the analysts believe the US Presidents one day visit to the country is extremely important with the oil and gas reserves likely to be tapped. Bangladesh interests remain with US as:- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Aid oriented with investment in basic infrastructure. Human resource developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. China[4]. Chinas entry into the WTO, makes the deal sound like a sure-fire winner for US workers. In particular, the deals supporters argue that expanded trade relations with China will lead solely to more exports to China. A closer look at the US governments own data reveals following:- China trade agreement under WTO and with US will be of greater capital mobility into China. US multinationals eager to deliver goods and services to the Chinese market as 1.1 Billion population market. Produce goods cheaply that can then be exported to the US and other markets. Results Growing US trade deficit with China. Growth of US multinationals and direct foreign investment i.e 10% increase in US direct investment in China. 7.3% increase in the volume of imports from China and a 2.1% decline of US exports to China. Surge of investment by US firms in China and the US trade deficit with China. Import competition from China involves different industries than in the past. Job losses seen by analysts in US markets; thus a technological shift to the populous pole of the world. India Indo-US Relations Since 1991. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“India and the US have multi faceted relations ranging from political, strategic to economic and commercial. India-US economic relations in the form of bilateral investments and trade constitute important elements in India-US bilateral relations particularly because India is now the second fastest growing economy in the world and USA is the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest economy. Economic Reforms introduced since 1991 have radically changed the course of the Indian economy and led to its gradual integration with the global economy. Benefits of the reform process are:- Better growth rates, higher investment and trade flows and accelerated decline in income poverty. USA is the largest investing country in India in terms of FDI approvals, actual inflows and portfolio investment. US investments cover almost every sector in India, which is open for private participants. Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s investments in USA are picking up. USA is also Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest trading partner. By 2003, India became the 24th largest export destination for the US. Since 2000, the two countries have been making efforts to strengthen institutional structure of bilateral economic relations by means of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“India-US Economic Dialogueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? that aims at deepening the Indo-American partnership through regular dialogue and engagementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[5]. The Strategic Economic Dimension of the US-India Relationship. India-US relations have seen a remarkable transformation over the last decade. The recent bilateral visit of Prime Minister to Washington from November 22-26, 2009 as the first State Guest of President Barack Obama has reaffirmed the global strategic partnership between India and the United States. The two leaders have reaffirmed that the common ideals and complementary strengths of India and the United States provide a foundation for addressing the global challenges of the 21st century and resolved to build on these to expand the U.S.-India global partnership for mutual benefit. It emanates from reformed and global Indian economy. Key contributors so as the US takes full advantage are[6]:- Economy. US and India are expanding cooperation to enhance job creation and economic growth; support economic reforms and liberalization; develop a bilateral business climate supportive of trade and investment; and improve market access for goods and services. Trade. Over the last five years, US exports to India have more than doubled, helping to create better-paying jobs in the US. The US and India agree that trade is essential to promoting global economic growth, development, freedom, and prosperity. Both countries are committed to completing the WTO Doha Development Agenda before the end of 2006. Investment. The US and India have agreed to hold a high-level public-private investment summit in 2006 and are continuing the dialogue on further liberalization of investment restrictions, regulatory transparency, dispute settlement, reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade. Agriculture. The US and India have launched the Knowledge Initiative on agriculture to link universities, technical institutions, businesses to support high-priority joint agriculture education, research, capacity-building projects and biotechnology. The joint declaration made in New Delhi during President Clintonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s visit i.e. India-US Relations: A Vision for the 21st century incorporates two important statements- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Natural partnership of shared endeavoursà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and more importantly that In many ways the character of the 21st century will depend on the success of our cooperation for peace, prosperity and democracy and freedom. Peace, prosperity, democracy and freedom cannot be secured by rhetoric, as has been the Indian experience. These can only be secured by rhetoric, as has been the Indian experience. These can only be achieved through politico-strategic initiatives with the strategic predominating. The Vision of India-US relations, jointl y seen, should therefore, logically incorporate the development of a strategic partnership, prompted by the imperatives discussed about. President Clintonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s visit to India, it is hoped heralds the advent of the inevitable.[7]. Importance of Indian American Joint Venture. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Today, Indian-American and Indian investors enjoy a very influential presence in Washington, key areas being:- Wall Street/Media. Some 2 million people of Indian origin are in the US wall street/media business. Indian Students In US. There are over 85,000 Indian students in the US more than from China. Benefits To Indian Populous. US trade and investment with India is only 10 percent of what it is with China, this is changing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to the benefit of Americans and Indians through increased opportunities in India for American trade and investment. Polls in India show a notable 75 percent favorable view of the US. Out Sourcing. While outsourcing has become a controversial issue, the US actually enjoys a healthy surplus in trade in services with India. In 2004, US exported $4.6 billion worth of services to India, a surplus of $1.8 billion. Trade Growth. $16 billion in two-way trade in 1998, US-India trade has grown to $26 billion in 2005 US exports, now at approximately $8 billion, grew almost 30 percent last year and is expected to continue further. Strategic Sale Agreements. Boeing has sold almost $15 billion in new aircraft to India and two US airlines have opened non-stop routes to India. Airport privatization is underway and the air transport market has grown by close to 40 percent in the past year. Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Energy Needs. India is a nation of 1.1 billion people. With its rapid economic expansion, it has a massive and rapidly growing appetite for energy and is already the worlds sixth largest consumer of energy. US-India Energy Dialogue, aimed at strengthening energy security and promoting the development of stable and efficient markets in India. US India Civil Nuclear Cooperation Initiative. Civil nuclear cooperation with India will elevate the US-India relationship to new heights[8]. The IT Sector Of India. This sector has its following linkage with the growing US interests:- Compounded Growth. 50 percent since 1991. Soft Ware Requirements. Today, nearly two in five of the fortune 500 companies outsource their IT requirements to India. IT Sector Collaboration. Especially, in areas like:- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Communication infrastructure. Optic fiber cable and gateways. Satellite-based communication wireless. IT-enabled services and IT enable education. Data centers, server farms and software developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[9]. Future Prospects in Economic Investment. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“There are several areas where economic cooperation between India and the US can progress further. These include :- Infrastructure. Telecom sector. Energy, knowledge based industries such as pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. Investor friendly environment in sectors such as roads, ports and airports. Private sector participation in management, Build operate and Transfer (BOT) projects, green-field airports, terminals, shipping berths and capacity augmentation have been initiated. Security Science Related Economic Interests. The US and India are building the foundation of a durable defence relationship to support their common strategic and security interests which include:- Maritime Security Cooperation. The US and India are committed to a comprehensive cooperative effort to ensure a secure maritime domain. Counterterrorism. The US and India are jointly expanding the scope of counterterrorism cooperation, including work on bioterrorism and cyber security. Military Logistics Support. The US and India will soon sign an agreement to facilitate mutual logistic support during combined training, exercises, and disaster relief operations. Defence Trade. The US reaffirmed its goal to help meet Indias defence needs and to provide the important technologies and capabilities that India seeks. Non-Proliferation. Both countries support efforts to limit the spread of enrichment and reprocessing technologies. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). The US is funding IPR training programs to strengthen enforcement and patent examination, as a vibrant IPR regime is critical to the promotion of a creative, technologically advanced economy. Science. The US and India established and co-fund the $30 million Bi-National Science and Technology Commission to generate collaborative partnerships in science and technology. Space. The US and India have agreed to continue exploring further cooperation in civil space, including areas such as space exploration, satellite navigation, and earth scienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[10]. US Presidents George W. Bush Visit To India We have an ambitious agenda with India. Our agenda is practical. It builds on a relationship that has never been better. India is a global leader, as well as a good friend. My trip will remind everybody about the strengthening of an important strategic partnership. Well work together in practical ways to promote a hopeful future for citizens in both our nationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[11]. President George W. Bush, February 22, 2006 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Evolution of U.S.-Indian Ties: Missile Defense in an Emerging Strategic Relationship,[12] Maldives and Bhutan 21. Maldives is an Islamic Island nation where US have a close eye on its location being on the mouth of the Indian Ocean. East of Nepal between India and China is a small country Bhutan. US interest being to democratize the state. US is also involved in settling the problems of refugees between the two states i.e Nepal and Bhutan. Over all the US involvement remains more of humanitarian assistance[13]. Nepal 22. Back Gr. US enjoys warm relationship with Nepal for over 50 years. During this period, Nepal has evolved from a closed, monarchy-dominated society into an emerging democracy with growing economic opportunity. US has contributed $1 billion to improve the lives of the Nepalese people. Nepal also happens to have a key place in the eyes of the west with the likely interests emerging as under:- Peace and stability in South Asia. Nepals independence and territorial integrity. US also has significant strategic interest in the country because of her location. Washington supports economic and technical assistance to Nepalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. 23. US Investment Areas in Nepal. Mainly being:- Assistance programs for democracy, governance and conflict mitigation. US assistance to strengthen the Election Commission, Peace Secretariat, National Human Rights Commission and corruption ombudsman. Broaden participation in political parties and make them internally more democratic. Technical assistance and equipment to the Parliament / aid to a constitutional reform process. Assisting reintegration of internally displaced persons and funding election monitors. Promote economic recovery; especially in rural areas. Pakistan Pakistan and India Concernà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s US. Indeed the most common concern for an investment friendly climate stems out of the security concerns of the region as stated:- US ex Secretary Powell calls a triangle of conflict resolution. He says à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“We do not seek to impose ourselves as a mediator. Instead, we try to use the trust we have established with both sides to urge them toward reconciliation by peaceful means the leaders of both countries deserve enormous credit for the statesmanship they are demonstrating and for their determination to turn their historic confrontation into opportunities for all of their people. Although the road ahead is certainly challenging, we are optimistic that both sides want to keep up the momentum generated by their recent more open interaction and sound climate for over all peace in the region[14]. The Latest Perception Of US. Recent visit of US President defines US interests as under:- Five years ago, Pakistan was one of only three nations that recognized the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. That all changed after September the 11th, 2001. President Parvez Musharraf understood that he had to make a fundamental choice for his people. He could turn a blind eye and leave his people hostage to terrorists, or he could join the free world in fighting the terrorists. President Musharraf made the right choice, and the United States of America is grateful for his leadership. Pakistan now has the opportunity to write a new chapter in its history, and the United States want to build a broad and lasting strategic partnership with the people of Pakistan[15]. President George W. Bush, February 22, 2006 Pakistan US Collaboration. The areas of collaboration are:- War On Terror Fight Terrorism. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The US and Pakistan have cooperated closely in the common fight against terrorism, including along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border. Al Qaeda Hunt. Pakistan has captured more than 700 al-Qaeda operatives, facilitators and associates since September 11, 2001. Pakistans Military Role. Playing an important role by providing intelligence and support to Coalition forces operating along Afghanistan. Security /Military Hard Ware Largest Security Assistance. Pakistan is one of the largest recipients of US security assistance. Foreign Investment. The United States has pledged $1.5 billion of Foreign Military financing to Pakistan from 2005-2009. Sale Of Advanced Systems. The United States supports Pakistans defence needs through sales of advanced systems. Sale Of F-16 Air Craft. Move forward with the possible sale of F-16 fighter aircraft to Pakistan. Non Nato Ally. In June 2004, President Bush designated Pakistan as a Major Non-NATO Ally, making Pakistan one of a select group of nations outside of NATO that have the benefit of a variety of military and financial advantages. Trade And Investment US Encourages Economic Prosperity. By supporting increased trade and investment linkages with the US, the region and the global economy. Bilateral Investment Treaty. Has sent a strong signal about Pakistans improving investment climate. Institute Reconstruction Opportunity Zones (IROZs). That would assist desperately poor border regions of Pakistan and Afghanistan to grow and diversify economically. Private Sector Involvement. Enhancing our capacity-building assistance to strengthen private sector competitiveness . Education Educational Assistance. US has provided more than $130 million to strengthen education programs for young people and adults over the last four years. Bilateral Educational Dialogue. US and Pakistan will establish a bilateral education dialogue to enhance US-Pakistan educational cooperationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[16]. Influence Of Regional Countries On Pakistan US Ties. Pakistans ties to other nations in the region are steadily growing with likely US investment, with rail, bus, and energy pipeline connections to several nations. Same will act as an antidote towards extremismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[17]. Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Influence. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“If China gets stronger than it already is, it will be a problem for the US,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? said Bordonaro, adding that the Chinese could use Gwadar, the port city in the Pakistani province of Baluchistan which is being developed with Chinas help, to counter Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s efforts to dominate the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Seaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[18]. US commitment since 2003. At the June 2003 meeting at Camp David, President Bush made a commitment to develop with Pakistan with a long-term, broad-based partnership worth 3 billion dollar .The areas of interest include:- Shared interests in promoting prosperity, peace, security, mutual understanding and tolerance in the region / across the globe. Strengthen cooperation on counter-terrorism and security including striking at the conditions that give rise to extremism and terrorism. Address poverty and hopelessness root cause for terrorism Cooperation aimed at fostering expanded commerce within the region including with Afghanistan and Central Asia. Booming Market. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Most of the American companies in Pakistan currently have plans to expand their operations in the near future;a booming market of 160 million people and also as a potential hub for regional trade and transportationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? . Sri Lanka 29. Present Environment. Since 2009, May 19 Sri Lanka has rid off from the war, which was waging for 3 decades with Sri Lankan armed forces and Tamil minority. The present President has been elected for the second term of 6 years. Countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s development and re-settlement of internally displaced people is the key issues and challenges the government facing. At present the world looking at Sri Lanka with lots of allegations on humanitarian grounds and violation of humanitarian law. Some pointing the finger at the government while others are pointing it to the armed forces of the country. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Rajapaksa must give aid organizations access to hundreds of thousands of uprooted Tamils in the islands northeast. Overwhelmed doctors in overcrowded camps are amputating limbs without sufficient drugs and medical supplies. The people in those camps desperately need medical care, food, and water. And they should be allowed to return to their homes as soon as possible. 30. Ultimately, the only way for Sri Lanka to avoid another Tamil rebellion is to grant the Tamils some form of local autonomy in their region. Now that the Tigers have been crushed, the Sinhalese majority of Sri Lanka has no excuse for not addressing the legitimate grievances of the Tamil minorityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[19]. a. Internal Problems And Tsunami Relief. Sri Lanka with a broader range of governments to focus on the Tigerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financing and arms procurement. US Government is providing assistance totaling $134.6 million for tsunami-related relief and reconstruction in Sri Lanka. Methodology 31. The study will be carried out in reviewing the data sources which are available in the internet and the few resources available in the libraries. Chapter three Literature Review 32. Since this topic is very hypothetical, its data and material review is mainly based on internet. The author, in the course of research, has made an endeavour to find relevant data through various sources including books, periodicals, lectures by professors of Different Universities of Management and Sciences. The detailed guideline provided through sponsors Directing Staff of the Defence Services Command and Staff College. The author is extremely grateful for all those who spared their valuable time to contribute on this work. As mentioned earlier the new found aid is of immense help in formulating the paper i.e à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Internetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Chapter four IMPLICATIONS OF US INTERESTS IN THE REGION Following areas of interest emerge quite pronounced:- Diversify Energy Supplies. Persian Gulf oil resources have remained a major source of energy supplies. US consider it of vital interest to secure access to the Central Asian regionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s energy corridors in order to reduce dependence on Persian Gulf[20]. Oil/Gas Reserves in Caspian Basin. The Caspian Basin has an estimated US$5 trillion of oil and gas resources. Transporting it through Russia or Azerbaijan would greatly enhance Russias political and economic control over the central Asian republics, which is precisely what the west has spent 10 years trying to prevent. Piping it through Iran would enrich a regime, which the US has been seeking to isolate. Thus, Afghanistans significance stems from its geographic position as a potential transit route, from Central Asia, through Pakistan (Gwadar port), into the Indian Ocean and further to the Arabian Sea[21]. Penetrate Worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Most Lucrative Markets. Pipelines through Afghanistan would allow the US both to pursue its aim of diversifying energy supply and to penetrate the worlds most lucrative markets. In south Asia, by contrast, demand is booming with immense population graph and competitors are scarce. Therefore, pumping oil south and selling it in Pakistan and India, is far more profitable than pumping it west and selling it in Europe[22]. Domination over the Transit Routes/Crucial Sea-Lanes. With the increased importance of Central Asian oil reserves, moving through the Indian Ocean, importance of securing the SLOCs in the Indian Ocean have increased manifold. US intend to maintain a strong security presence in the South Asian region in cooperation with India as bigger role is expected by her in the region[23]. India à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" A Strategic Partner. As the second most powerful military nation in Asia, US perceive India as an ideal strategic partner. During official visit to Washington, Prime Minister Vajpayee described India and the US as natural allies and significantly stressed that an Indo-US partnership was important for Asia both economically and militarilyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[24]. China A Competitor, Not A Strategic Partnerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. President Bush has described China as a competitor, not a strategic partnerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Therefore, his administration is sympathetic to Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ambition to play a big power role in Asia. He also said that we must deal with China without ill-will but without illusions[25]. Regional Power Through US Collaboration. Recent developments suggest that India is actually inviting the superpower to its doorstep. India is among the few countries to endorse unconditionally the controversial US national missile defense (NMD) program[26]. Indian Ocean or Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Ocean. Sixty-seven percent of Chinas trade with the European Union is carried by sea across the Malacca Straits and the Suez Canal. Detrimental to Chinese aspirations in the region, India has activated an Operational Command on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and began joint surveillance with the US navy at the mouth of Malacca Straits thus developing a check policy against China[27]. Kashmir Issue. The Bush isolationist South Asia policy could ease Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s concerns regarding American interests in some sub continental explosive issues such as the Kashmir dispute[28]. This tendency can be seen as positive in the context of the Indo-Pak conflict and the Kashmir issue and it should be a relief to India that the US will not interfere or mediate in this region. This however, has serious consequences for Pakistan, as India may try to settle the Kashmir issue through use of force to her desire. India First Strategy. While an India first strategy will probably be pursued the obvious reasons to avoid a direct confrontation and destabilizing the region, it is unlikely to be an India only policy. US is, however, likely to support India to raise its standing as a regional player. Vast Indian Market Potentials. World political and economic powers are attracted by Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s vast market potential and trade prospects. This is done in some cases at the cost of Pakistan. Such blows to Pakistanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s already weak economy will have serious implications for its economic existence. Iran, India And Russian Alliance. Common interests in certain regional issues, security imperatives and international considerations have pushed Iran, India and Russia into an implicit alliance. Of these, the most significant is the proposed pipeline between Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan[29]. Us Presence In Central Asia- Prospects For Pakistan. For the Central Asian resources, a trans-Afghanistan-Pakistan pipeline is the most efficient route to the sea. If Americas intention is to establish a permanent regional military presence, Pakistanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s territory is necessary for the protection of the southern flank and for securing sea-land logistics. Such a role would seriously threaten Pakistanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s relations with neighboring states such as China, Iran and Russia but full fill the US interests. Hypothesis 33. With the increase of US economic activities in South Asia, it is likely to have adverse effect in the Region. Scope and limitation of study 34. Since the problem at hand is not static this research issue may have limitations but the author is willing to take maximum literatures available in the point of time research is been conducted. Readers may have difference of opinion and may continue from the argument which the author may have concluded. Procedure 35. Major portion of the research is based on the data found in the internet, journals, books and personal readings. There are articles written on the subject, but its effect in retrospect have not been adequately highlighted and circulated. Some of those articles have been used as references and the procedure will be as follows; 36. The literature available on the subject will be analyzed. The examples and past experiences will be gathered and analyzed. All above knowledge and data will be organized as per the intended research structure. Thereby, lessons learnt and recommendations will be derived. chapter five Long Range consequences 40. It could be predicted that the result of the research will be in accordance with the hypothesis. This research will generate more interest among the academia and will foster more light on this area in this era of globalizing and economic recovery of worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic recovery as a whole. RECOMMENDATIONS Projection of military strength. Sri Lanka cannot survive as a sovereign independent state by simply ignoring the sea. Sri Lanka must take an active part in the Indian Ocean strategy by projecting her not military strength afloat, but must have a balancing strike among the nations bordering and in broader with Asian Nations. Sri Lanka must maintain viable and credible land, air and naval forces capable of safeguarding the nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s vital interests during peace and war, thus bringing an economic investment climate for investors. Thus safe guarding of maritime interests is of utmost importance. Friendship with China. China is a time tested friend. She must be kept in confidence and assured fullest support. Sri Lanka must address the irritants and misunderstanding between the two countries to promote confidence. Sri Lanka us relations. America will take no meaningful steps to help Sri Lanka to address/resolve its human right violation and regional issues or to come out of the financial problems, as this is manifested in the meager level of assistance, despite the great political and security potential after eradication of Tamil Separatist Movement. In this great game, Sri Lankaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s participation in a strategic support role recommends that Sri Lanka become as a partner in US campaign against terrorismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Similarly the dividend can be exploited by Sri Lanka. Terrorist Image. Taking full advantage of US collaboration and world response towards terrorism, media is trying to convince the world community that Sri Lanka is a terrorism sponsoring state. While not compromising the Kashmir cause, Pakistan must take concrete measures to control the trends of militancy within our society and improve our image as a moderate islamic state. Thus it will improve the foreign investment climate in the country. Economic development. Economic development is the key to our security. As long as the country is dependent on foreign aids, the security scenario will continue to loom large. Sri Lanka must take concrete measures to put countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy on the right track. The lack of resources will continue to hinder the way towards peace and prosperity and provide chances to our adversary to exploit our weaknesses. Deep Sea Port at Hambantota. A China-funded port in Sri Lanka will be a symbol of Colombos non-partisan foreign policy, the president said on Sunday amid Indian concerns over Beijings interests in the region. President Mahinda Rajapakse marked a key milestone in the construction of the 1.5 billion-dollar port in the southern Sri Lankan town of Hambantota with a message of goodwill to all nations. This port will symbolise our non-alignment and friendship with all, the president said at a ceremony to mark the completion of the first phase of the deep-sea port. The step forward we take today as a nation will be one that will see international economic cooperation built through mutual trust, respect and friendship.Sri Lanka is part of the 118-member Non-Aligned Movement, a group of states considering themselves not aligned formally with or against any major power bloc.[30] Policy guide lines for us. Develop a broad, balanced, and integrated strategy toward south Asia that is sustainable over the long term. In particular, the US should refrain from focusing on only one or two issues in the region. Involve her self in conflict resolution such as Kashmir thus bringing peace in the region. Other wise such an approach would likely be counterproductive and might negatively affect the ability of the US to pursue its overall interests in the region. chapter six Conclusion 50. The United States previous government (Bush team has outlined an Asian policy that is bold and provocative). To address security issues in Asia, America now views the world through the prism of balance of power. The future Indo-US relations will largely depend on what the US and India expect from each other. There is a certain amount of ambiguity on both sides regarding this. On Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s part, she knows that it has to improve relations with the US. Collaboration with Sri Lanka will have a positive impact on India. Us-Sri Lanka relations, the equation has no change and India is no longer viewed at par with Pakistan, rather it is seen and compared with china. Sri Lanka needs to take steps to ensure an investor friendly climate and seek benefit from the geo strategic location and convert it to geo economic benefits as suited to her existence.

The Effects Of Deforestation On The Earth - 756 Words

Hello- Today, I would like to ask my audience to make a change to help the earth. Please, stop deforestation. Attention- Did you know that in approximately one-hundred years forests will be a thing of the past? Due to deforestation, it is estimated that forests will be extinct by 2116. Deforestation is when large amounts of trees, such as forests, are cut down or removed. This practice has a negative effect on the Earth overall. It has, for example, a negative impact on the land because deforestation harms the soil. In effect, it may be difficult to grow trees where deforestation has occurred. Trees are a very important component of the Earth because they affect the Earth s climate. The clearing of forests does not allow trees to serve their natural purpose. Deforestation releases toxic chemicals, such as methane and carbon dioxide, into our atmosphere. Trees, by nature, absorb greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, and produce oxygen. In other words, trees stabilize the climate. Greenhouse gases, as many know, are huge contributors to global warming. The more we emit greenhouse gases, t he more these gases accumulate in the Earth’s atmosphere. These gases are deteriorating our atmosphere, and, as a result, the global temperature is rising. Deforestation also causes a disturbance in the ecosystem, because millions of species lose their homes in the process. Consequently, if deforestation continues, this may lead to the extinction of certain animals.Show MoreRelatedDeforestation of Our Rainforests931 Words   |  4 PagesThe most destructive and harmful tragedy that our rainforests, specifically the Amazon, suffer from is deforestation. Deforestation is the clearing or destruction of land throughout forests. Unfortunately, human beings are the number one cause of deforestation throughout the world. The reason if this is simply because we use the wood mainly for things like hydroelectric dams that power communities, palm oil for its biofuel resourcefulness, and the mining for diamond and gold. Another reason wouldRead MoreDeforestation: A Major Reason for Glob al Warming753 Words   |  3 Pages Topic: Climate Change Research question: How is deforestation a major reason for global warming? Deforestation is cutting down of trees for some purpose (furniture). It is very harmful for everybody as it causes landslides, earthquakes and many more problems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Deforestation is a major cause as it also causes the main problem global warming. Global warming is an increase in average temperature of earth’s atmosphere. Deforestation also helps the greenhouse gas to spread (increase).Greenhouse gasRead More Deforestation and the Elimination of Natural Habitats Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pagesand loss of the natural habitats and forests that prevent these catastrophes. Anti-deforestation activists struggle for the protection of animals? natural habitats and forests, arguing that their loss is irreparable and the Earth will become unable to sustain a sufficient balance. In turn, this endangers the human race. In defense of deforestation, logging companies and other companies that profit from deforestation argue that they replant that which is lost at a rate faster than they are cuttingRead MoreAdvancement in Technology Increased the Use of Fossil Fuel631 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout its existence, Earth has always satisfied the needs of living things. As time advanced, so did technology; which increased the use of fossil fuels, mechanics, and more of the Earth’s natural resources. Humans have left their mark in several ways such as, pollution, overpopulation, and deforestation. Though human efforts have been made to improve our ways of abuse to the earth, none could entirely secure the damage made. Pollution is, and has always been, a major issue in the world. ItRead MoreImpact of Deforestation on the Earth Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesDeforestation is the elimination of existing trees from the earth; attributable factors include urbanization, logging, ranching, and farming and to some extent land speculation. Land speculation can be included as cleared land is more valuable than forested land. Deforestation, done in the name of progress, and the long-term, devastating effects of it, is killing our planet. To understand the effects of deforestation one must understand the reasoning behind the decision to clear forestlands. OnlyRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest1093 Words   |  5 Pagesof the earth is approximately thirty percent (â€Å"Deforestation†). That is about nine percent of the world’s total surface. The largest rainforest is the Amazon River Basin, located in South America. The Amazon is home to many species of animals, insects, plants and trees. Many of the trees and plants in the Amazon produce about twenty percent of the oxygen on earth, and absorb carbon. However, the Amazon is decreasing in size every day due to the ongoing deforestation of the land. Deforestation is whenRead MoreDeforestation Is A Global Issue1630 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest is the cutting or burning down trees. Two main reasons the Amazon rainforest is being cleared is for raising cattle and growing crops (Figure 1). This is because the production of beef and soy has increased.1 The Amazon rainforest is located in countries throughout South America. The area this report will look at is Brazil, which is the largest country in the region. The majority of deforestation in the Amazon takes place in Brazil.2 There areRead MoreExplain Why Is Anthropogenic Activities Surrounding Deforestation The Primary Drive Of Global Climate Change839 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom several different perspectives. There is evidence to support both opinions on this topic it is created by natural or humans activates. So, is anthropogenic activities surrounding deforestation the primary drive of global climate change? Carbon cycle Carbon is an important part of all living things on earth. The carbon cycle is a way for nature to recycle and store this important element. The carbon cycle works when humans breathe in the oxygen and breathe out carbon called CO2. Plants workRead MoreDisadvantages Of Deforestation1355 Words   |  6 PagesTrees are one of the many natural beauties growing from the Earth all around us. They do so much for us, other providing shade from the sun, of course. However, humanity has begun a new age of society, and deforestation plays a big, bad, role in it. Jim Robbins, veteran journalist at Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, emphasizes the following â€Å"Wiping forests high in biodiversity off the land for monoculture plantations causes numerous environmental problems, from the destruction ofRead MoreEffects Of Deforestation On The Environment1389 Words   |  6 PagesDeforestation is one of the many problems this world faces today. Many people are unaware of how harm ful deforestation can be towards the environment and the animals that inhabit the area. Many people don’t even know what deforestation is and that it’s actually happening. To sum it all up, deforestation is the process of destroying forests by cutting them down or burning the trees down, destroying hundreds of acres in order to make more land available for other uses thinking that the benefits outweigh

Black Pedagogy Free Essays

Black pedagogy, or poisonous pedagogy, is a type of child rearing or methodical upbringing process intended to instill a sense of social superego within the child, and implement a defense against their psyche. Many theorists describe the behaviors and communications associated with the concept to be very violent and manipulative. The parents intentions focus primarily around honing obedience and preparing children for a dominant adult culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Pedagogy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The story of â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† ties in heavily with black pedagogy. During the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, a majority of children’s literature existed as a way of â€Å"civilizing children according to stringent codes of class behavior. † The girls mother deliberately leads her into a pedagogical situation in which she cant get out, and ultimately subjects her to dangerous experiences and eventual death. The girl is a quintessential example of the ideal child of black pedagogy, with her devout obedience and determination to carry out the mothers orders. The mothers only requirements serve grave importance as she tells her to stay on the path and not to ruin the food for her grandmother, which hints at the importance of primacy of family, and unquestioned filial loyal. The links between black pedagogy as described in Zornado’s article and Erika and Thomas Mann’s book titled School for Barbarians are highly evident. While black pedagogy associated with the eighteenth and early nineteenth century centers more around parental supervisions, this process in School for Barbarians focuses on the loyalty and appreciation of the fascist dictatorship under Hitler’s rule, and the transformations it had on the Nazi Germany educational system. Hitlers hopes were to create a violently active, and dominating brutal youth beginning a a very young age. The schooling systems, with their obnoxious children’s stories and exaggerated world news filled the students with a false sense of education that allowed Hitler to heavily manipulate the youth. â€Å"Heil Hitler! † was said anywhere from 50 to 150 times a day, and it accompanied anything from a greeting to prayer closings. The students were heavily devoted to their loyalty of this enormous governmental change because they simply knew of no other alternative. How to cite Black Pedagogy, Papers

Berlos SMCR Model of Communication free essay sample

According to David Berlo one can accept communication as authoritative when certain conditions are obtained, these conditions are discussed below as follows;SenderThe sender in this case is the source of the message or the person who originates the message. The person or the source sends the message to the receiver. The sender here should bear or posses communication skills. Communication skills of a person are factors that affect the communication process. If the sender has good communication skills, the message will be communicated better than when communication skills is not good.Attitude of the sender and the receiver creates the effects of the message. The person’s attitude towards self, the receiver and the environment changes the meaning and the effect of the message.Knowledge or familiarity with the subject of the message makes the communicated message have its effect more. Knowledge on the subject matter makes the communicator send the message effectively. We will write a custom essay sample on Berlos SMCR Model of Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Social systems; values, beliefs, laws, rules, religion and many other social factors affects the senders way of communicating the message. In social systems also fall place and situation.Culture; cultural differences makes the message different. A person from one culture might find something offensive which is very much accepted in another culture.MessageA message is the substance that is being sent by the sender to the receiver. A message has factors or parts which qualifies it to be a message.Content; content is the thing that is in the message. The whole message from the beginning to the end is the content. Elements; they are non-verbal things that tag along with the content like gestures, signs, language or words and even writings.Treatment; treatment is the way in which the message is conveyed or transmitted from the sender to the receiver. Treatment also affects the feedback of the receiver.Structure; the structure of the message or the way it has been structured or arranged, affects the effectiveness of the message.Code; code is the form in which the message is sent. It might be the form of language, text, video, newspaper or even telephone.ChannelChannel is the medium used to send message. In mass communication and other forms of communication, technical machines might be used as channels like telephone, internet etc.

Gcus History and Christian Heritage Essay Example

Gcus History and Christian Heritage Essay GCU: History, Community, and Christian Perspectives †¢ Explain how GCUs history and its Christian heritage inform its current vision, mission, and pillars. †¢ Identify and explain the various means by which GCU creates a sense of community within its ground and/or online modalities. †¢ Demonstrate how diversity at GCU affects the learning environment, in general, and the individual student, in particular. Module 7: Assignments An Overview of Grand Canyon University This assignment gives you the opportunity to learn about how GCUs history and Christian heritage blend to build a foundation that supports current university statements, how GCU builds a sense of community on the ground and online, and the importance of diversity in the GCU learning and work environment. 1) Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the GCU Style Guide. Refer back to Module 6 for all the resources you should gather to help you write this essay. ) This assignment uses a grading rubric that you can view at the assignments drop box. 3) Write an essay (500-700 words) that discusses GCUs history and Christian heritage. Answer the following questions in your essay: a) Are current university statements, including GCUs mission, vision, four pillars, and faith statement consistent with the foundation and traditions built by its history and Christian heritage? b) How do these statements correspond with your own set of values and traditions? ) Is there any dis sonance, or conflict between your values and those of the university community, and if so, how do you reconcile them? d) Do you believe you fit in the diverse mosaic of GCUs religious and ethnic culture? Explain why or why not. 4) Submit the assignment to the Module 7 Turnitin drop box located under the Classroom tab. Follow the instructions and prompts found in the Turnitin box, and make sure to review the results. We will write a custom essay sample on Gcus History and Christian Heritage specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Gcus History and Christian Heritage specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Gcus History and Christian Heritage specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As a guideline, 20% of the content of your paper can be from outside sources if properly cited, and 80% of the content should be original ideas and thoughts written by you. Please refer to the Classroom Policies or contact your instructor for more information about Turnitin requirements and expectations. 5) After submitting your paper to the Turnitin drop box, submit the assignment to your instructor by uploading it to the assignments drop box by the end of Module 7.

How New Technology Has Brought About The Changes In The Bank essays

How New Technology Has Brought About The Changes In The Bank essays How New Technology Has Brought About The Changes In The Banking Industry. The new technology has brought rapid changes in the banking industry and financial services. Online banking and electronic payment systems are the new development and diffusion of technology by financial institutions and are expected to result in a more efficient banking system. In addition to the trend of online banks, they have proven to last longer in the banking system. Technology has changed the banking industry because it now offers alternative and better channels through which products and services can be provided to customers. Some examples of the changes in the banking industry are the online banking and access to ATM machine. Online banking is a form of banking that can be done through the use of Internet and can be done at home, work, or wherever there is access to the Network. It allows customers to perform all routine transactions, such as bill payments, electronic transfer, balance inquires, account transfers, investments, and stop payment request. It basically allows the customers to carry out all the transactions just as in a normal bank except withdrawing of cash. This can be done at anytime during the day, and it is less time consuming when compared to waiting in the actual bank building where customers have to wait in long lines. There is hardly any paper work to be done; the customers can carry out transactions from anyplace that has access to the Internet. Once the information has been saved, it doesnt need to be re-entered for similar subsequent checks. Take for example, Virtual Bank, founded in February of 2000, is an entirely online experience, from opening to closing of your accou nt. If you havent been to this companys website, youre in for some fun, not only is every little detail about the company on it, but its even easier to navigate through then the Bank of America web page. This site off...

Statements of cash flows Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Statements of cash flows - Research Paper Example This explains why bank overdrafts are not part of financing activities. Additionally, the information presented on cash flow of IFRS is quick and easy to flow. Each entity is supposed to present cash flow statement in such a way that it gives an appropriate reporting of financing activities, investing, and operating. For instance, during the investing activities, it is expected that the firm acquires and uses the long term assets and other activities in the investment process that are not equivalent to cash flow. Additionally, it outlines investment activities as clearly cut and some of the examples of the investment activities undertaken during this time include paying cash to get the service or good to be used in the long-term service. The good or services involved in this case are the long term and intangible assets. Hence they break down into materials used during self construction, to acquire plant or machinery (Stephen & Norbert). Moreover, cash receipts received after selling an acquired asset should be part of investment activities. It generally involves the sale of a plant, property and equipment. Another thing considered is debt instrument or rather sales equity of entities and the interests acquired through the joint ventures. However, receipts from those entities that are classified as cash equivalent especially if they are held for trading and should be omitted. Furthermore, the advances of loans and cash from other parties are classified in this section together with their cash receipt repayment which includes loans to other parties involved ( AICPA). Other investment activities classifications includes cash gotten from securities like forward, option, future or swap contracts and they should appear on the cash flow statements. It only excludes these securities when the accounts are held for dealing and as a result, the payments are classified in part of financial undertakings. Noting here that, the account may be accounted as a hedge it is theref ore classified in this section of the cash flow. In the operation activities just like in IFRS cash flow method, are various methods that are described as the principal revenue producing operation. Therefore, a cash flow from the operation activities may result after transactions or other conditions bring in ways of profit determination or losses determination. Example of these operation activities are cash gotten from the sale of good or after the firm has rendered some services. It includes the cash received from loyalties, commission, fee and other revenues. Besides, it shows payment of cash on behalf of or to the employee. Also, it include activities like refunding of taxes or any other cash payments made by the company unless they are stated to specifically associate with the other cash flow activities. Actually, it is supposed to include cash received, all payments gotten from an investment, loan among other money contracts held during trading purposes and they are classified as inventory specifically acquired for resale (Stephen & Norbert). It is therefore evident that just like in IFRS, when accounting one should show some transaction under operation activities, which includes the firm selling machinery and this result to the firm gaining or loosing. Therefore, cash flows experienced from these transactions are classified to being from

Project Censored Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project Censored - Essay Example This follows the calls for the respect of human rights and human dignity in the democratic space that U.S dominates. Indeed, U.S being the most democratic nation in the world should ensure that there are no cases of sexual assault in the military and in the society. News of sexual assault of U.S military women is unique since it defines unethical behavior among the disciplined forces, which contravenes the code of conduct for such officers. More so, the story is unique in that there are very few reported cases of sexual assault in the U.S military. With the information presented in the story one can be able to view the democratic levels in U.S based on this context, understand the place of women in the democratic society, and derive the correct measures to avert such a scenario. Furthermore, this information will help us to understand the public health issues, sexuality in men and women, and the extreme violence in women. The story will equip us with knowledge on the dynamics of sexu al assault in the military and how more victims are finding confidence in reporting sexual assault cases. Such information will derive knowledge on what motivates victims to report any sexual assault. Notably, upon reporting, victims can lay claims for health effects that may emanate from such sexual attacks. This story will help any victim and the society to understand the remedies for sexual assault in the US military. As such, the story is important as it defines sexuality in men and women and analyzes how victims can access justice and the relevant benefits upon suffering from sexual assault in the US military. It also shows how authorities discriminate women who report sexual assault with a view of accessing justice and getting the relevant claims. As such, we can establish that not having this information can affect citizens who live in a democratic society. Indeed, citizens without this information will not know the incidence and precedence of sexual assault in the US militar y (Chemaly 1) as a public health issue. The information depicts the level of increase in the number of reported sexual assault cases in the US military. Democratic citizens without this information will also lack enough knowledge on the causes for the increased numbers of reported sexual assault cases (McVeigh 1). This will deny such citizens a chance to devise mechanisms geared towards reducing cases of sexual assault and increase incidences of reported sexual assault cases for purposes of taking the necessary measures. The democratic citizens will equally lack enough knowledge on where to report sexual assault cases in the US military. This jeopardizes the efforts aimed at reducing cases of sexual assault. Moreover, democratic citizens who lack this information will not understand the suffering of the victims and the claims of the advocates groups thus missing the gusto to fight against sexual assault against women in the US military. Furthermore, lack of this information will low er the citizen’s knowledge on the government’s initiatives geared towards encouraging victims to report assaults (Chemaly 1). Indeed, the information also depicts the efforts of the Congress, Senators, former military officers, and victims' groups in reducing cases of sexual assault in the US military (McVeigh 1). Lack of this information will also deny the democratic citizens a chance to know their human rights and benefits attached to the victims

Negotiating skills and strategies Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Negotiating skills and strategies - Term Paper Example It is argued that negotiation is unavoidable in life since we need something from others in our daily lives and an agreement based on common understanding can be reached through negotiation. Thus, negotiation broadly encompasses the process by which we arrange exchanges of things we want for the things we have. Negotiation can take place between different parties and this process is at times regarded as â€Å"a zero-sum transaction- what one gains, the other loses whereby their approach to the deal is to give less than they receive,† (Kennedy, 2004, p.13). More often than not, people negotiate because they value things differently. The monitory value is seen as very important when people engage in negotiation and these parties often prefer a win-win situation with the aim of reaching an acceptable agreement. However, it is argued that there are naturally gifted negotiators but when it comes to aspects concerning legal practitioners and mediators, it can be noted that negotiato rs are not naturally gifted and this can be observed from the difference between a ‘Master Negotiator’ and a ‘Novice Negotiator’(Noble, 2001). There are different styles of negotiation and there are also many factors that influence the success or failure of a negotiation process. From this assertion, this report seeks to discuss the factors that influence the negotiation process and measures that can be implemented in order to improve negotiation skills. The report will explain in detail the phases involved in the negotiation process through an analysis of the details of the interview that was conducted by the writer. 2.0 Summary of readings and the interview Negotiation is a process that can be divided into three phases namely: the pre bargain phase, bargain phase and the closure phase (Noble, 2001). This first phase is mainly concerned with gathering information that can be used in the negotiation process and is also concerned with establishing a rapport between the two parties involved. The goals and expectations of the negotiation process are set at this stage. Gathering information about the other partner is advantageous in that one will be better positioned to set realistic goals and plan according to the budget that might be available. The second phase in the negotiation process is concerned with the logistics involved and the tactics that can be used by the negotiator to reach a mutual agreement. Resolutions are made at this stage and the third stage is concerned with implementation of the agreement made. This phase also involves documentation of the contents of the agreement. Since this paper is based on negotiating skills and strategy, the writer chose to interview a manager at Kaiser Permanente who oversees many union employees out of interest emanating from

Prison Term Policy Recommendation Proposal

Prison Term Policy Recommendation Proposal The state overseeing body will vote on a bill that will twofold the best correctional facility time that an individual will get for outfitted robbery if sentenced. The reason behind this suggestion is unreasonably help give unmistakable plans that may help the state authorization people see diverse game plans that may be more profitable. The bill is conspicuous with the state get together; there is an outright need to review the factors that could be a component. I have examined what the new bill potential results are and if there is even need to settle something that is not broken. According to the Uniform Crime Report (UCR), outfitted robbery is portrayed as an exasperated sort of theft in which the respondent is equipped with a perilous weapon. Taking property from an individual or inside seeing someone else with the usage of force or by undermining the use of compel while furnished with a dangerous weapon is suggested quite recently like the importance of prepared robbery (Dictio nary). During the commonplace days a wide range of burglary were meriting passing. The United States Constitution does not allow the execution for a man who has been prosecuted just thievery alone; in any case, in case some person is butchered over the traverse of the burglary the individual can be sentenced to death on a legal offense murder affirmation (Law). Prepared burglary is an exceptional wrongdoing; from January 1, 2011 to March 31, 2011 there were 1081 bank robberies (FBI). I have seen from all the gave reports from the Bureau of Justice Statistics are the lessening in those numbers. Notwithstanding the way that numbers have lessened, they are still exorbitantly various in sum. When trying to make a proposition for this possible bill to twofold the correctional facility sentence for equipped burglary we ought to look at to where the rates where conversely with the past and where they are before long. I picked the years 1980, 1990, and 2005 in light of the way that these years hold a one of a kind expecting to me. In 1980 the rate of prepared robbery was d own 6.6%, in 1990 rate of equipped thievery was down to 5.7% finally in 2005 the outfitted theft rate was down to 2.7%. These numbers reflect an abatement without the development of the correctional facility sentence. Changes made on the quick side could have a negative effect. I am firm follower that if something is not broken it doesnt ought to be settled. The most fundamental suggestion that I can offer is to big business out into the all inclusive community extends that have the extended wrongdoing rates and give more law approval officers in those regions. The extended measure of law approval officers can give debilitation and moreover make the subjects of that gathering feel more secure. A minute proposal that I can offer would be as opposed to actually duplicating the correctional facility sentence, rather essentially increase it by three or four years. In case this bill is passed by this state board, the detainee masses will increase. Exactly when the development of the prisoner masses accomplishes a particular level there will be a need to gather more restorative facilites and correctional facilites to house the overall public. There is always strong common contentions that develop when a remedial office or correctional facility will be gathered in light of the way that no region or gathering needs this kind of office near their territory. Quite of what we would do or new felt that we would endeavor there will constantly be wrongdoing. The last recommendation that I have to offer is to look at the expenses. Considerations, for instance, the expenses to house, support, dress, and give therapeutic organizations to these prisoners will impact everyone from subjects to the gatherings. Individuals on this state administering body board need to remember what the gatherings require and do what is best for them; growing charges it not going to be the fitting reaction with the present conditions of our economy. This bill benefits have contemplations to help fight wrongdoing; I trust that all components ought to be broke down. The best segment will guarantee the gatherings wont be hurt. I assume that since wrongdoing rates of outfitted theft have shown a reducing without the raising of the discipline, the state lawmaking body should not misuse the time and money by brining into component another bill that may not work. This state lawmaking body needs to make his or herself known inside the gatherings and choose for them what is a need and a flat out need. I am firm lover of recuperation. My posit ion is with the use of gathering based conformities and strict endorsements for rehabilitative purposes to the unemployed repeat blameworthy gathering who gives outfitted theft (Limbaugh, 2009). With the use of specialists, ventures, and treatment centers, for instance, informational help aptitudes, coordinating for substance misuse, abuse, and other mental issue could be the reason a man would not submit equipped burglary (Limbaugh). References: FBI. (n.d.). Retrieved August 4, 2012, from Bank Crime Statistics:  http://ww.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/bank-crime-statistics-2011/bank-crime-statistics Limbaugh, S. (2009, October 31). Prison Term Policy Recommendation. Retrieved August  2,2012, from Yahoo voices:http://voices.yahoo.com/shared/print.shtml?content_type=articlecontent_type_id=5645150 Robbery. (n.d). Retrieved August 2, 2012, from Robbery-The History of Robbery:http://law.jrank.org/pages/1984/Robbery-history-robbery.html The Free Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved August 2, 2012, from Armed Robbery: http://legal-dictionary.the freedictionary.com/armed+robbery

The Innocence of Love Essay -- essays research papers

A first date, a tender touch, a gentle kiss, can all be described as expressions of affection. Innocence often has to do with the fondness and adoration displayed in relationships. The movie, Love Actually, starring Hugh Grant, focuses on different ways of making love work by showing the lives of different people. The film, from time to time, shows a little boy who is falling in love with a girl in his school. He thinks that the best way to win her heart is to become a rock star and so he joins his school band as a drummer. He practices the drum everyday until it’s time for the Christmas concert where he plays his best. At first, the girl does not notice him and he is heartbroken and to make matters worse, she’s leaving the country. He goes to the airport to find her, and, when he does, he kisses her and lets her know that he likes her. While the film does not tell the audience what happens in the future, it can be assumed that there will be a new love blossoming. In Gary Soto’s â€Å"Oranges,† the speaker is describing the first time he walks with a girl. He is at the tender age of twelve and this simple act of innocence takes place on a cold, grey day in December. As the two walk together, they stop in a drugstore and, being the typical boy, the speaker â€Å"asked what she wanted† (27). When she shows him the chocolate and he realizes that he cannot afford it, he then does a quick barter with the shop lady and exchanges his lone nickel and one of his oranges for the chocolate. The...

Fiber Optic Technology Used in US Airforce

The optic fiber owed its origin to the development of optical voice transmission system known a photophone by Alexander Graham Bell during the year 1880. The photophone applying free space light could carry the human voice 200 meters. The fiber optical technology has a significant progress during the second half of the twentieth century. The initial success in this regard occurs during the 1950s with the development of fiberscope, an image transmitting device. This used first practical all-glass fiber and concurrently devised by Brian O' Brien at the American Optical Company and Narinder Kapany, who first devised the terminology ‘fiber optics' in 1956 and colleagues at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in London. The fiberscope soon applied in the inspecting welds inside reactor vessels and combustion chambers of jet aircraft engines as well as in the medical field. The Fiberscope technology has evolved over the period of time to facilitate laparoscopic surgery considered as one of the great medical advance of the twentieth century. The development of laser technology was considered as the next significant application of fiber optics. The laser diode — LD or the light-emitting diode — LED, had the prospective to evolve large amounts of light in a spot tiny enough to be applied for fiber optics. (A brief history of Fiber Optic Technology) Gordon Gould fostered the idea of applying lasers, describing it as an intense light source. Soon after, Charles Townes and Arthus Schawlow at Bell Laboratories worked on use of the laser in scientific circles. The laser evolved through many generations in terms of ruby laser and the helium-neon laser in 1960 until the realization of semiconductor lasers in 1962. The higher modulation frequency capability of the lasers attracted the scientists to apply this in the filed of communication engineering. Light is realized to have an information carrying capacity of 10,000 times that of the highest radio frequencies being applied. The US military responded rapidly to apply fiber optics for improved communications and tactical systems. The US navy in the early 1970s established a fiber optic telephone link aboard the USS Little Rock. The Air Force developed its Airborne Light Optical Fiber Technology — ALOFT program in the year 1976. Such initial successes encouraged military R & D funding for development of stronger fiber, tactical cables, ruggedized, high performance components and several demonstrations starting from aircraft to undersea applications. After the installation of fiber optic telephone system in Chicago and Boston by both AT & T and GTE marked the beginning of commercial application of Fiber optics. (A brief history of Fiber Optic Technology) Presently, the application of fiber optic technology including wave division multiplexing fiber optics is increasingly prevalent in commercial aircraft and satellite systems with the growth of many commercial suppliers. Now the 10 gigabit fiber optic Ethernet in the sphere of many systems and also in aircraft avionic systems is more prevalent. Moreover, the Fiber Channel and Firewire systems also widely applied in aircraft systems presently. However, such systems are not sufficiently strong and do not quickly respond to deterministic real time necessities like 1553B and ARINC 429 and do not deal with multiple level of security. To cater to such needs, system architectures particularly are a combination of copper and fiber with redundancies for robustness or replication for various security levels/enclaves. (Multi-Level Secure High-Speed Fiber-Optic Data Bus) A single optical fiber spread through out an aircraft in terms of ring architecture topology is seen have the prospective of meeting all the present and future bandwidth requirements, entailing solutions to different security level requirements, decline redundancies; accommodate all essential legacy and future protocol and timing necessities; being capable of maintenance over the life of the host platform, and significantly decrease weight power, cooling, electromagnetic interference/electromagnetic compatibility shielding and other confinements of prevailing remedies. This anticipates more efforts in applying the prevailing technology and constructing the integration elements for example, protocol adapters to generate a fiber-optic system backbone appropriate for present and future aircraft systems with low-cost, open and commercially available technology. (Multi-Level Secure High-Speed Fiber-Optic Data Bus) The next generation digital flight data recording system created by Raytheon Company, the Distributed Flight Data Acquisition Unit — DFDAU system depends primarily on fiber optic technology and remote sensors to gather and record quite considerable amounts of critical flight data on passenger aircraft. The application of technology will permit airliners to cater to the new Federal Aviation Administration regulations that necessitate digital flight data recorders to gather substantially more information than was earlier necessitated. The new regulations necessitate new aircrafts to have flight data recorders capable to monitoring up to 57 flight testing, Raytheon anticipates the system to be FAA certified and it will start installing the DFDAU in its Beech 1900D, 19 passenger regional airliner. (Fiber optic networks for flight data recorders) The DFDAU has been designed to entail detailed and accurate recording of pilot actions and aircraft responses during a flight by accumulation of information from multiple channel sensing and regulation modules that are integrated by optical fiber instead of traditional shielded, twisted pair wiring. Since intelligence can be collected from multiple sources distributed across the aircraft and shared through a single fiber optic cable, application of the system minimizes the cumbersome wiring and provides improved signal fidelity that is immune to electromagnetic interferences and failures in transmission. Additionally, the system can more easily safeguard one flight data recorder without the process of redundant wiring. Such advantage will entail considerable savings for airlines when additional flight data recorders are mandated for other destinations on passenger aircraft. The DFDAU system is expected to apply distributed processing to translate and route data received from over 160 sources and interfaces located across the aircraft. The system is devised to translate the data into an industry standard open protocol -SAE AS-5370- and then thereafter route the data to the 1900D's digital flight data recorder by applying a fault tolerant fiber optic network. The DFDAU system involves seven identical DFDAUs linked by fiber on the 1900D. Each DFDAU is able to capture physical parameters up to 32 sources like engine sensors, navigation, traffic collision avoidance system, gyros, position and force sensors along with the warning, deicing and other important systems, cockpit controls, autopilot, flight instruments, altitude and the Global positioning system, flight control surface position sensors. (Fiber optic networks for flight data recorders) Practically, the aerospace platforms universally have the capacity to take advantage of the distributed fiber optic sensors that could be applied in varied range of parameters. The military and commercial aircrafts presents bewildering maintenance costs presently soaring to tens of billions dollars in annual terms. The diagnostic system necessitates the system that can make way for the performance and the maintenance to be performed when required. This would permit improved levels of safety by insuring that essential tasks are being performed while reducing the amount of costs by eliminating the expensive and unnecessary amounts of procedures. Additional enhancement in safety and performance can be generated by integrating such systems into control systems to improve over that of flight control and assessment of in-flight damage. The applications of test beds to demonstrate the usage of distributed fiber sensor systems are seen in terms of reusable launch vehicle development programs which are advanced. (Fiber Optic Distributed Sensing Systems for Harsh Aerospace Environments) Delta Clipper is one such application that had a system of fiber gathering based strain sensors integrated into its hydrogen fuel tank. This system at the beginning operated as backup to a set of electrical strain gages to represent new technology. Practically, some of the program managers were very doubtful regarding its usage. By the end of the program the intention had varied from the ‘why to apply optic grating based strain sensors while we are having electrical ones on board' to the ‘lets scrap the electrical strain gages that perform poorly and only use the fiber optic grating strain gages'. (Fiber Optic Distributed Sensing Systems for Harsh Aerospace Environments) The advantages of this is seen in the possibility that the Fiber optic grating strain sensors can conveniently be grouped directly into a composite hydrogen tank becoming an important aspect of the structure, they do not fall when vibration and shock attacks; the fiber optic grating strain gages do not perform as an electrical hazard, they are light weight, superior in terms of environmental aspects, easy to install and can be multiplied in numbers through a single fiber line. Since fiber sensors persistently applied and proven in such advanced systems, the persistent decline in cost as a result of advances in the telecommunication and optoelectronic industries will continue to provide more cost effective types of applications for the purpose of military transports, military fighters, and commercial aviation. (Fiber Optic Distributed Sensing Systems for Harsh Aerospace Environments) The in-Flight Entertainment has attained a high level of sophistication with the inception of a high bandwidth system by Rockwell Collins, Cedar Rapids, IA known as Passport. The system facilitates varied passenger amenities and also the Internet access. The system involves a fiber optic structure, associated with expanded-beam fiber-optic interconnects, an ATM switch and a downstream copper distribution system. The system servers originate optical digital signals and travel on the fiber structure. In its path downstream it converts to a Fire Wire distribution network that provides the signals to electronics boxes at individual passenger seats. The system incorporates the fiber-optic expanded beam interconnection technology from Tyco Electronics, Harrisburg, PA. Such connectors provide high dependability in extreme circumstances entailing thermal, vibration and mechanical stability for reliable transition of the light beams from one fiber to another. Other developments over a copper based system incorporate freedom from electromagnetic interference and crosstalk. (Fiber Optics Lift Aircraft Video-on-Demand Systems) The fiber system also declines considerably the weight and provides non-sparking contacts. The expanded beam technology safeguards and seals each fiber faces and ferrule behind a spherical lens instead of butting two fiber ends together. Such interconnection entails a precision coupling of fiber-optic signals without having physical contact at the fiber-to-fiber interfaces. The connectors modular format simplifies manufacturing, making it to be competitive in economic terms with traditional interconnect technologies. The blind-mating is facilitated by the precision alignment pins; those which are quite integral to the connector. The Passport has already functioned successfully without flaws for a year in commercial aircraft and the technology has surpassed to military aircraft for in-flight networks. Tyco also works towards the expansion of beam fiber optic connector technology to discover its wide application in the rugged industrial usages. Such new fiber optic connectors also cater to the avionics standard ARINC 628 for IFE systems. (Fiber Optics Lift Aircraft Video-on-Demand Systems) The fiber optic technology being developed by NASA Dryden Flight Research Center — DFRC, Edwards, California appears to be an integral element of future aircraft system in the development programs for fighter aircraft, and new large transport aircraft, and have considered fiber optic technology as an important part of future aircraft systems. The traditional fly-by-wire system configurations sometimes necessitate unique interfaces for each fight control surface actuator that results in a large amount of wiring. The Fiber optics has been regarded as aerospace vehicle application due to its high bandwidth capability, immunity to electromagnetic interference — EMI, and considerable weight savings. This technology has been applied in a new smart actuator as the primary communication interface. The application of fiber optics makes easier system integration and considerably decreased the wire count. The flight test outcomes revealed that fiber optics could be conveniently being applied in aircraft systems and identified critical areas of development of fly-by-light technology. The smart actuator flight test program has demonstrated the possibility of fault monitoring, in-flight local control and redundancy management of surface actuator. (Zavala, Eddie. Fiber Optic Experience with the Smart Actuation System on the F-18 Systems Research Aircraft Eddie Zavala Dryden Flight Research Center Edwards, California) As the flight test reveals the presentation of the smart actuator was exceptional and compared very well to that of the standard F-18 aileron actuator. Irrespective of the fact that the serial interface of the smart actuator could have been traditional forms of electrical interface, valuable fiber optic experience was being attained via the means of application of 1773 communication links. The system integration becomes more effective and simple in terms of bringing about a reduction of both installation time and cable harness weight considerably. The fiber optic interface, however, complicated the system of integration tests. The smart actuator program brought out the significant areas of development for the general application of fiber optics in aerospace vehicle systems. Such critical areas apply to a broad range of fiber optic applications and will thereby influence the system of operation and reliability unless specific attention and considerable progress is being made. (Zavala, Eddie. Fiber Optic Experience with the Smart Actuation System on the F-18 Systems Research Aircraft Eddie Zavala Dryden Flight Research Center Edwards, California)

Modern Saas- Traditional Bahu

She stays with her parents and her brother in Iambi. She Is full of life, always smiling, always winning other people's hearts. She Is bananas, frank, calculi and mischievous. She Is the life of her friends circle and everyone loves her. She is a good looking girl, with long wavy hair and twinkling eyes which always have a tinge of mischief In them. She is pursuing her graduation In sociology and does extremely well In her studies. She participates In extracurricular activities, and especially loves to dance.She participates in various allege dance competitions. She is also extremely kind hearted and likes to help the poor in any way she can. Once Mains completes her studies, she starts working in a MONGO as a fund raiser. Whilst working for the MONGO, Mains visits big industrialists to raise money for various causes. One day, she has an appointment with Mashes Curran, a very big industrialist. When he meets Mains, he immediately takes a liking to this lovely girl who has a passion f or the betterment of the society, and donates generously. He also asks her about her parents and her family.Once Mains leaves, e starts thinking she will be the perfect wife for his son, Valhalla. He finds out more about Man's and then approaches her parents to Initiate the match, even though his wife Devil opposes the Idea. Valhalla and Man's meet a few times and decide that they Like each other and soon get married. Devil relents and gives her permission as everyone is, for the marriage including Behave. Once married Mains goes to live with Behave and his parents, Mashes and Devoid and Vassal's younger sister, Meta. Their house is very splendid and luxurious and Mains is taken aback by its grandeur.She however has a wonderful relationship with her father in law, Mashes who is a simple, down to earth industrialist and runs his business with honesty and sincerity. Behave works with his father and helps him in running the business. Devoid however, is an extremely status conscious wom an and is always worried about her and her family's zeta. She Is modern in her lifestyle but she is forever pre occupied with the fact, â€Å"eke log Kay exchange? † and this thought rules the choices she makes In life. Valhalla Is a good husband, loving, kind and attentive.He supports Man's when she ants to continue working after marriage, even though Devil Is strongly against the idea. Devoid and Mains are complete opposites and this sometimes causes friction in the house. Devoid is forever trying to control Mains, in terms of what she wears and how she behaves in front of friends and relatives. Devoid, feels that Mains does not know how to live up to the status of the family, as Mains was raised in a middle class family She keeps nitpicking Mains in whatever she does, may it be her choice of clothes or her friendly behavior.She wants Mains to quit her job as she does not eke the fact that, â€Å"Mains sable Jake beak managing hat. † According to her Mains should be a trophy wife and a perfect host to their friends and clients and should be the epitome of style and class. Mashes and Behave try and explain to Devil to go easy on Man's but Devil refuses to listen. She forever Interferes in everything Man's does. Man's Is a smart girl and knows there Is no point fighting and causing bitterness In relationships and handles and approaches these situations In a good natured and tactful manner.Behave is extremely supportive of her and helps her he way she wants by handling Devoid and dealing with her in her own manner. She does this by either being extra nice to her or giving her expensive gifts. This however is not a long term solution and Devoid too, is set in her ways. Mains soon finds out that she is pregnant. She is worried that Devoid will be an extremely interfering grandmother. Will that be the case? Will Mains be able to handle Devoid on a long term basis? If so, how will she do it? Will Behave always support Mains or will he side with his mo ther? Will Mains have a happy married life? Jane eke lye dislike†¦

Development of Drama essays

Development of Drama essays Just before Medea kills Jasons wife and father-in-law, she demonstrates to the audience that she is the epitome of deception and lunacy within the influential, Fifth Episode. Medea truly displays a schizophrenic dialogue that entails a roller coaster of emotions that engage an array from a benevolent mother, to a malevolent, mad man. In lines 1021-1027, Medea tells the tutor to bring her sons to her. She embraces them and compassionately conveys to them that their lives will go on without her. I shall be left lonely, and you will live without you r mother always. This seems to be the only lines in this scene that seem to exhibit her sanity. Medea is connecting with the idea of not being able to watch her sons grow, get married and develop offspring. Medeas sanity and emotions begin to turn in lines 1030-1038 when she starts to realize the hollowness of raising her sons. She almost begins to commiserate with herself for wasting her time and effort of motherhood: How useless all the cares endured: the wearying solicitudes, the shooting agony of giving you your lives. When Medea tells her sons that their birth was a shooting agony, shes disclosing that only negativity has occurred through the miracle of childbirth. Medea has another emotional turn-around when she stares into her childrens eyes and realizes she cant complete the task of parting and eventually murdering them. In lines 1040-1050 she has an emotional spasm: O-h! What shall I do? My heart dissolves when I gaze into their bright irises...No, I cannot do it. Goodbye to my determination. She feels that she will only wound her children by hurting Jason. Covetously she feels she will hurt herself additionally, by letting her children go. In lines 1050-1055, Medeas other-half takes over. The evil side tells her to get a grip and complete the task of murder, to reli...

The Market for Borrowing Corporate Bonds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Market for Borrowing Corporate Bonds - Essay Example An efficient corporate bond market will lead to the efficient allocation of investment funds. An efficient market will also lead to investments in riskier assets. The types of securities which can be issued in the corporate bond market are debentures, unsecured notes and subordinated debt. One of the major reasons for developing a corporate bond markets is that the bond market provide an alternative solution or source for operational funds for the private sector other than borrowing from the equity markets and banks. This helps in improving the financial stability and allocation of credit. Companies running successfully can decide to expand their activities and commence new projects. To raise capital the company can decide on raising the funds from the corporate bond market as it can be beneficial for the company in the long run. The following sections give a detail understanding of corporate bonds. These sections describe the types of securities that can be issued in the corporate bond market, the types of companies that can issue it, the benefits of issuing bonds over other sources of finance, the providers of debt and their requirements. This information will certainly help the Board of Directors to reach a decision regarding the use of corporate bonds for raising capital to finance the new project. Types of securities that can be issued in the corporate bond market A company can issue three types of securities in the corporate bond market. These three types are explained below. 1. Debentures A debenture is secured by a fixed or floating charge over the issuing company’s unpledged assets. There are two types of debentures: fixed charge and floating charge. Both the types are explained below. a. Fixed Charge debenture: A fixed charge is placed over the permanent assets of the company such as fixed as sets. These assets cannot be sold until the bondholder has been repaid in the event of default. These bondholders have the first claim on the assets of the company. b. Floating charge debenture: A floating charge is issued over those assets which the company will sell in the normal course of the business to generate income such as finished good. These assets can be sold so the company issues a floating charge over these assets. Once the company defaults the floating charge becomes fixed charge. The bondholders will then take possession of the assets. Once the claims of the fixed charge bondholders have been satisfied, these bondholders can claim on the remaining assets. For example, if all the fixed assets have been used to pay off the fixed charge debenture holders, then the assets that the company sells to generate income will be used to pay off the floating charge debenture holders. 2. Unsecured Notes It is a corporate bond with no form of underlying security attached. These bond holders have no claim over the assets until the claims of the fixed-and floating charge bondholders have been satisfied. For example if a company defaults, the fixed charge debenture holders will be paid first, then the floating charge will be paid and finally the unsecured notes holders will be paid. 3. Subordinated Debt Subordinated debt is a long-term debt issue that ranks behind all other creditors. The subordinated debt also pays a specific interest stream. In the event of a default, the holders of subordinated debt receive nothing until the claims of all other creditors are satisfied. The debt issue may also include an agreement which states that the debt will not be presented for

Most important system of critical national infrastructure Essay

Most important system of critical national infrastructure - Essay Example While security may mean guarding the country’s boarders against outside attacks and intrusion, it also encompasses computer technology, which has become a critical part of the modern day activities. The most developed countries have been targeted through computer attacks where fraud committed through these systems has increased in the modern world. This requires a robust governmental strategy to defend its citizens against illegal exploitation through computer related crimes. If these computers are attacked mostly through viruses, other services are affected. This is because while computers are used for most office work in the modern world, they also control other important infrastructures such as the power grid, which would in turn bring devastating effects such as patient deaths since it is used in hospitals to support lives (How government services (GS) work with other critical infrastructures, n.d). Other activities such as banking would also be affected bringing a negative impact to the country’s economy. However, if security has been guaranteed and if the governments are several steps ahead of the criminals with regard to computer technology, the country’s s ecurity would have been catered for from the perspective of information technology. Here, most countries have implemented measures to ensure that their cyber space is as secure as possible so as to prevent disastrous events that may happen. Security infrastructure may also be viewed from the perspective of food security for a country. A government must ensure that its country is secure with respect to available food for its citizens. This would be accomplished by ensuring that resources are available to protect people from hunger if natural disasters such as floods and droughts take place affecting the availability of food. This implies that security incorporates a