Adoption and Race Free Essays

Verifiably, transracial reception started to be polished after the Second World War. Youngsters from war-torn nations †Korea, Vietnam, and even Europe †without families were embraced by families in the United States with Caucasian dad As the years progressed, as increasingly racial ethnic minority kids inside the United States were without families, residential selection offices started to put African American, Native American, and Hispanic youngsters with Caucasian families who needed kids. Be that as it may, in 1972 the National Association of Black Social Workers (NABSW) got worried about the huge quantities of African American kids who were being put with Caucasian families. We will compose a custom paper test on Appropriation and Race or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now They censured the act of transracial reception of African American youngsters to Caucasian guardians. They refered to mental maladjustment, mediocre racial character, the inability to adapt to bigotry and segregation, and â€Å"cultural genocide† as the possible results of transracial assenting arrangements. As a branch of this, enactment was presented as the Multiethnic Placement Act (MEPA) of 1994. MEPA, along with the Interethnic Adoption Provisions (IEP), has been marked into law to decrease the act of race-coordinating in receptive situations for youngsters. These two bits of enactment, regularly alluded to as MEPA-IEP, were intended to diminish the measure of time kids hang tight for supportive situation, to improve and aid the enlistment and maintenance of forthcoming foster and new parents who can meet the unmistakable needs of the kids to be put, and to dispense with segregation in the act of assenting and child care arrangements based on race, shading, or national source. Be that as it may, the section of MEPA-IEP has not settled the contention over racial coordinating approaches and transracial receptions. Debates despite everything dog transracial reception. In spite of the fact that the law forbids straight out suspicions about the advantage of same-race arrangements, kid government assistance laborers despite everything should settle on choices about the significance of race in the life of an individual kid. They are additionally entrusted to distinguish reasons that may inevitably require for the thought of race. The individuals who accept that equivalent race situations are ideal may feel distressed that government strategy presently negates their conviction and routinely calls for them to put kids without offering weight to the child’s race. Then again, the individuals who place little an incentive on racial coordinating may experience difficulty recognizing youngsters whohave a particular requirement for an equivalent race position. It is inside this light this investigation will take shape.â As issues keep on being raised with respect to transracial selection, it is just fitting to go past insights and discover the sentiments of the individuals who are by and by engaged with the procedure. As this examination will endeavor to unwind the issues nearest to the hearts of those included, the methodology that will be utilized will be commonly subjective. Articulation of the Problem What is the level of interracial appropriation, and what are the discussions encompassing racial coordinating and transracial reception? Goals 1) To characterize racial coordinating and transracial appropriation; 2) To discover the level of transracial appropriation in America; 3) To discover the different issues identified with racial coordinating and transracial reception; 4) To discover the different enactments intended to address racial coordinating and transracial appropriation. Technique This examination will utilize meet †which involves purposive testing †as a strategy for social event information. The meetings will be directed with the guide of a meeting guide which is a casually arranged unstructured survey. Information will likewise be gathered through various auxiliary sources. Materials and archives, for example, talks in books, official distributions, position papers, letters, papers and magazine clippings will likewise be used. The official sites of different associations will likewise be utilized as essential. Ramifications of the examination will be gotten from the investigation of the assembled information and issues brought up in the meetings and the different auxiliary sources. Audit of Related Literature Rehearsing social specialists, pioneers of minority bunch networks, and researchers have communicated worries on the impacts of transracial selection (Hayes, 1993). In an examination directed by Kim (1995) on global appropriation, he noticed that â€Å"transracial reception of dark kids worked up numerous discussions in regards to their mental turn of events, particularly as for their ethnic personality, or social well-being† (p.141-142). So as to decide the impacts of transracial selection on adoptees, a few examinations were likewise led on the racial personality of transracial adoptees (Bagley, 1993). These examinations conceptualized racial character regarding racial gathering inclinations, objective racial self-recognizable proof, and information or consciousness of one’s racial gathering enrollment. Andujo (1988) additionally considered racial personality by estimating levels of cultural assimilation, and by surveying the level of pride in one’s ethnic legacy and appearance. Johnson et al. (1987) found that transracially embraced Black youngsters had more prominent consciousness of their race at a prior age than did intraracially received Black kids. As they become more seasoned, in any case, the two gatherings of embraced youngsters communicated practically equivalent to levels of mindfulness and inclination. The discoveries of the investigation likewise demonstrated that transracially embraced children’s mindfulness and inclination remained consistent after some time, while that of intraracially received Black children’s both expanded all the more quickly to surpass that of transracially received kids. At long last, the investigation presumed that transracially received youngsters were growing uniquely in contrast to intraracially embraced kids. This formative distinction could be the springboard of the issues in the transracial adoptees’ racial character. Shireman and Johnson (1986) in like manner gave an account of the mental change, racial character, and sexual personality of transracial adoptees when contrasted with intraracial adoptees and adoptees of single guardians. The entirety of the adoptees in the examination were Black youngsters and the entirety of the guardians were additionally Black with the exception of the guardians in the transracial situations every one of whom were White. Guardians and adoptees were met independently. The discoveries of the examination proposed that there were no distinctions in mental modification among the three gatherings of adoptees as controlled by target appraisals of the meetings. At long last, the debates bothering transracial selection, regardless of how constrained they are, still generally influence the individuals who are associated with the procedure. Just when these issues are tended to and settled can the issues be settled. Catalog Andujo, E. (1988). Ethnic personality of transethnically received Hispanic young people. Social Work, 33, 531-535. Bagley, C. (1993a). Chinese adoptees in Britain: A twenty-year follow-up of change and social character. Global Social Work, 36, 143-157. Hayes, P. (1993). Transracial appropriation: Politics and philosophy. Youngster Welfare, 72, 301-310. Johnson, P. R., Shireman, J. F., Watson, K. W. (1987). Transracial selection and the improvement of dark personality at age eight. Kid Welfare, 66, 45-55. Kim, W. J. (1995). Universal selection: A case survey of Korean kids. Kid Psychiatry and Human Development, 25, 141-154. National Adoption Information Clearinghouse (2000, August). Selection: Numbers and patterns. Accessible: http://www.calib.com/naic/bars/s_number.htm Task 21. (1995, March). African-American administration bunch denounces bigot appropriation rehearses. (On-line). Accessible: http://www.nationalcenter.inter.net/TransRacialAdopt.html Shireman, J. F., Johnson, P. R. (1986). A longitudinal investigation of Black receptions: Single parent, transracial, and conventional. Social Work, 31, 172-176. http://www.transracialadoption.net/inform.htm#Psychological%20adjustment,%20self-esteem,%20and%20racial%20identity Step by step instructions to refer to Adoption and Race, Papers

A Qualitative Study on African American Women Administrators as Dissertation

A Qualitative Study on African American Women Administrators as Historically Black Colleges and Universities - Dissertation Example In spite of this significant achievement, African American ladies who are utilized in HBCUs still face shifted obstructions that block their headway to positions of forces. This examination will investigate the different hindrances that stand up to African American ladies who are filling in as executives in HBCUs in Georgia. Also, this examination will take a gander at the different difficulties and circumstances that fill in as significant barriers to the headway of African American ladies in higher positions in HBCUs. Section 1 presents the method of reasoning of the examination. By laying out the need to contemplate African American ladies chairmen, this investigation will help in the further illumination of the force elements obvious in race and sexual orientation considers. In this section, the various hindrances experienced by African American ladies holding managerial situations in HBCUs in Georgia are presented. This part additionally talks about the issue and foundation of t he examination. So as to address the issues being inspected by this investigation, a subjective methodology will be utilized. Subjective strategy can help recognize potential boundaries that may exist for African American ladies making progress toward more elevated level organization positions through the inside and out investigation of the settings that work inside the elements between African American ladies and places of intensity. ... Also, this section centers around the importance of the investigation, idea of the examination, hypothetical system, presumptions, impediments, and delimitations Background of the Problem According to Davis (2009) in spite of the high level of African American ladies work in advanced education, they despite everything couldn't get into the workplace of the president in these higher instructive establishments. Somewhere in the range of 1986 and 2006, the level of African American ladies portrayal in school and colleges rose from 4% to 8%. In spite of the fact that measurements show a development in portrayal of African American ladies as presidents, in 2006, all ladies spoke to 45% of staff and senior chairmen uncovering the absence of advancement into administrations at school and colleges (American Council on Education, 2007). Thus, despite the fact that the quantity of lady possessing presidential positions has expanded enormously, this expansion has been at a more slow pace. The A merican Council of Education (ACE, 2007) states that from 1986 to 2006 ladies presidents went from 9.5% to 23% (p.7) contrasted with white men presidents which make 92% in 1986 and 88% in 2006. As respects African American ladies, Garner (2006) places that they are making progress in portrayal in tenured track positions just as administrations. Truth be told, these presidential open doors have made a voice for pioneers, for example, Dr. Marvalene Hughes, leader of California State University-Stanislaus, urging chairmen to get a guide so as to beat the biased based impediment that ruins female chances of advancement to more significant levels of organization, eventually bringing about administration (Hamilton, 2004). By understanding the history and the

Why Everyone Needs to Paws for a Moment

Why Everyone Needs to Paws for a Moment Puppy Rooms in Universities Puppy Rooms in Universities Whether it’s midterm season or final exams, there are several periods of time in each academic school year when stress peaks. In fact, 86% of students identify with feelings of being overwhelmed at some point, while 50% recognize feelings of being lonely, sad, and ridden with anxiety. When high levels of stress come into play, mental health becomes more at-risk so it’s important to exercise stress-management. 86% of students have reported feelings of being overwhelmed. Fortunately, many universities have begun to recognize the severity that depression and anxiety can have on students and have introduced puppy rooms as a means to cope. What are Puppy Rooms? Essentially, puppy rooms are exactly what they sound likeâ€"a room full of puppies! Puppy rooms have specific visiting hours when students can come and visit with the dogs; whether they want to pet them, cuddle with them, play with them, or just simply watch them it’s absolutely up to the students. Most colleges and universities will have a sign-in sheet and some volunteers monitoring the room to ensure both dogs and students are enjoying their time. Why Puppy Rooms? It sounds a bit silly to have rooms with specific times dedicated strictly to playing with dogs but there’s actually a purpose behind it. Many students experience life away from home for the first time while in school and this often means that their pets remain at home with their parents or guardians. Furthermore, studies have proven that puppy rooms can reduce cortisol levels, alleviate depression, and lower anxiety. How to Organize a Puppy Room The reason why so many colleges and universities are adopting puppy rooms during exam season is due to the benefits this clearly has on students, but also due to the ease of organizing these rooms. It should be noted that puppy rooms aren’t necessarily full of puppies; many of these are adult therapy dogs or therapy dogs in training, and often times dogs of all ages from local shelters are brought over for some quality time with the students. This doesn’t only benefit the students but the dogs as well since many are craving human affection while waiting to be adopted to a forever home. Puppy rooms have become fairly popular among Canadian and American schools in recognizing that students experience high levels of anxiety and depression during stressful times of the semester. Since stress can have major effects on health and wellbeing, it’s really important that students look for resources as a means to reduce stress and continue thriving in an academic setting. How do you cope with stress during exams? Why Everyone Needs to Paws for a Moment Puppy Rooms in Universities Puppy Rooms in Universities Whether it’s midterm season or final exams, there are several periods of time in each academic school year when stress peaks. In fact, 86% of students identify with feelings of being overwhelmed at some point, while 50% recognize feelings of being lonely, sad, and ridden with anxiety. When high levels of stress come into play, mental health becomes more at-risk so it’s important to exercise stress-management. 86% of students have reported feelings of being overwhelmed. Fortunately, many universities have begun to recognize the severity that depression and anxiety can have on students and have introduced puppy rooms as a means to cope. What are Puppy Rooms? Essentially, puppy rooms are exactly what they sound likeâ€"a room full of puppies! Puppy rooms have specific visiting hours when students can come and visit with the dogs; whether they want to pet them, cuddle with them, play with them, or just simply watch them it’s absolutely up to the students. Most colleges and universities will have a sign-in sheet and some volunteers monitoring the room to ensure both dogs and students are enjoying their time. Why Puppy Rooms? It sounds a bit silly to have rooms with specific times dedicated strictly to playing with dogs but there’s actually a purpose behind it. Many students experience life away from home for the first time while in school and this often means that their pets remain at home with their parents or guardians. Furthermore, studies have proven that puppy rooms can reduce cortisol levels, alleviate depression, and lower anxiety. How to Organize a Puppy Room The reason why so many colleges and universities are adopting puppy rooms during exam season is due to the benefits this clearly has on students, but also due to the ease of organizing these rooms. It should be noted that puppy rooms aren’t necessarily full of puppies; many of these are adult therapy dogs or therapy dogs in training, and often times dogs of all ages from local shelters are brought over for some quality time with the students. This doesn’t only benefit the students but the dogs as well since many are craving human affection while waiting to be adopted to a forever home. Puppy rooms have become fairly popular among Canadian and American schools in recognizing that students experience high levels of anxiety and depression during stressful times of the semester. Since stress can have major effects on health and wellbeing, it’s really important that students look for resources as a means to reduce stress and continue thriving in an academic setting. How do you cope with stress during exams?

Questions On The Criminal Justice System - 880 Words

INTRODUCTION 1. In this paper I am going to consider the particular challenges that the internet, and its associated ‘thundering tyde’ of information, misinformation, and comment available to anyone with access to a computer, has posed to the administration of justice. 2. The criminal justice system has traditionally sought to protect jurors from exposure to prejudicial material, and the law of contempt has played a key part in this endeavour. The law places restrictions on the publication of potentially prejudicial material through the strict liability rule. And, addressing the problem from the other end, judicial directions are routinely given to juries, and these are designed to limit the risk of them being exposed to such material. 3. The current law of contempt was developed in an age which had not anticipated the information and communication revolution that we are now living through. Material that is prejudicial to criminal proceedings may now be disseminated with extraordinary speed and to a potentially unlimited audience; indeed such material may have been reposing on the internet long before even the crime leading to those proceedings has been committed, but remains accessible to anyone caring to look for it. 4. Many have been bowled over by this gathering torrent of words. The columnist Matthew Parris, considering his position on the board of free speech organisation Index on Censorship, recently wrote in The Spectator: â€Å"†¦ we gave a considered submissionShow MoreRelatedQuestions On The Criminal Justice System1849 Words   |  8 PagesDiscuss whether or not the criminal justice system could operate without the existence of privileges to evidence. Within this answer discuss why privileges exist and argue for or against the end for privileges and societies interest in these rules of evidence. Discuss a minimum of two different privileges within your answer. There are many types of privileges in the court system. The two main privileges that are well known are attorney-client and doctor-patient (Wellborn, 2012). Attorney-client privilegeRead MoreQuestions On The Law And Criminal Justice System1743 Words   |  7 Pages Chapter 6: Question 2 Alyssa Chamberlain Bloomsburg University Chapter 6: Question 2 â€Å"You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a Court of law. You have the right to an attorney. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided for you. Do you understand these rights as they have been read to you?† (What, 2015). Today these Miranda Rights are common knowledge, a staple in our Criminal Justice system that binds the rules andRead MoreA Comparative Study of the Field Criminal Justice and Criminology1314 Words   |  6 PagesFields Criminal Justice and Criminology Javier Landa-Miranda Ivy Tech Community College CRIM 101 What is Criminal Justice and what is Criminology? They are the same? Those are the questions that people ask their selves when they talk about those fields. There might be many controversies about the differences and similarities about Criminal Justice and Criminology. People must think that these two fields are totally different or just the same thing. The reality is that Criminal Justice and CriminologyRead MoreThe Criminal Procedural Code Of India1592 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION The criminal procedural code of India is a vast code containing all the possible procedures that one should follow so as to achieve the proper formula as to Fair, Just and Free trial. The constitution of India in its articles protects various rights of the citizens. This has been extensively discussed in the upcoming chapters of the project. The basis to understanding the criminal justice administration is that India follows an Adversarial system as practiced in the Commonwealth nationsRead More Criminal Justice vs. Community Justice Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesCriminal Justice vs. Community Justice Crime is defined as an act or omission that the law makes punishable. There are different ways in dealing with crime. One, our current system, is the criminal justice approach. Also known as retributive justice, this system is more offender directed than anything else. The other system, which many people think is better, is the community justice, or restorative approach. The restorative approach is much more victim oriented. There is a debate over whichRead MoreFairness And Equality Within The Criminal Justice System1361 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The question of fairness and equality in the criminal justice system has its original roots dating back to the Magna Carta in 1215 AD. The latest document to define the criminal justice is the United States Constitution which specifically in the 14th amendment which states †no state can make or enforce laws on its citizens, nor shall they deprive a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor will they deny equal protection of the laws†. Section one of theRead MoreSocietal Trends That Impact the Criminal Justice System948 Words   |  4 PagesSOCIETAL TRENDS THAT IMPACT THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Suzie A. Anderson Everest University Online CCJ 1017-52 Criminology Jamie Onion April 8, 2012 Utilizing everything you have learned about crime and criminal behavior this term, you will now have the opportunity to think about the future of our society and how the criminal justice system should prepare. Identify and discuss the societal trends that will impact the criminal justice system over the next ten years. The societal trendsRead MoreThe Doctrinal Design Has Been Used To Study The Jurisprudential1425 Words   |  6 Pagesleading judgments of various courts. 1.5 Research questions: a) Does the child have adequate cognitive skills for comprehending and accurately reporting the witnessed event? b) Can the child successfully discriminate actual events from the internal thoughts, images and fantasies? c) Can the child resist suggestions from various sources to change his or her report or memory of an event? d) What is the status of child witnesses in the Criminal Justice system? 1.6 Chapterization Scheme:It should in sentenceRead MoreThe Crime Of The Criminal Justice System1266 Words   |  6 Pages The criminal justice system in England and Wales is made up of multiple agencies which all have different responsibilities, however they share the main objective of maintaining and enforcing the rule of law. The International Bar Association (2005) describes the Rule of Law as ‘the foundation of a civilized society’ with a society’s formal response to crime being the responsibility of the criminal justice system ‘more specifically in terms of a series of decisions and actions being taken by a numberRead MoreWhy Is Discrimination Within The United States Criminal Justice System1539 Words   |  7 PagesWhy is discrimination present in the United States criminal justice system? How is the system setup for people of color to fail? This social problem is interesting for many reasons. Many people believe that racism is still a key factor in today’s society. The justice system, which should stand for equality and peace, in reality does spread the publicâ⠂¬â„¢s beliefs of racism and an unfair justice system. 74.0% of blacks do not agree that the justice system treats people fairly and equally(Hurwitz and Peffley

Essay on Comparing Two Advertisements - 1913 Words

In this essay I have chosen to compare two adverts. I chose two from a magazine called ‘VOGUE’, I chose them as they both were linked by the theme of fashion but were advertising different products, this will help me show differences between the adverts but the fashion theme will help me to also highlight similarities. The first advert I chose was by a company called ‘Garrard’ they make fashion accessories such as leather accessories, silverware and also jewellery which is what they are mainly known for. The advert I chose has specifically advertised jewellery in this case a ring and a necklace. On face value the advert has a ring and a necklace laid on a picture of a of the U.K flag. Part of both pieces of jewellery look like wings and†¦show more content†¦The rock and punk element that surrounds Mick and Jade Jagger is again emphasised with the words ‘Rock Hard’ written across the advert. This implies that whoever wears this will look ‘rock hard’ and strong so the product instantly conveys an image of strength so would appeal to anybody who would like that image. Also the word ‘Rock’ obviously relates again to Mick Jagger’s music again reminding you that Mick Jaggers’s daughter is designing the jewellery. The word ‘Rock’ also brings images of partying and the word ‘Hard’ could convey that whoever wears this is the type of person to party ‘Hard’. Again this would appeal to anybody who wants to have this image. The skulls on the necklace repeat this ‘Rock’ image of the necklace as skulls are associated with rock music and being wild. The necklace and ring have a large wing on them this again emphasises partying as the symbol is loud. The wings also give the impression that somebody is free and original so people would buy this to have an image of being a free spirit and being original. Being original is important into today ’s fashion circles so this aspect of the advert raises the chances of viewers buying these pieces of jewellery. Other aspects of the advert relate more towards the brand for instance the word ‘Garrard’ in bold lettering reiterates who is making this jewellery and the three hall marks highlight a sign ofShow MoreRelated Comparing Two Advertisements Essay950 Words   |  4 Pages Advertisements are produceed to help sell a product and to make it known. You can see advertisements in magazines, on television, in the newspaper, they come through the post and are on billboards. In my essay I intend to find the differences and similarities between adverts for a mens fragrance and a fragrance aimed at women. The mens fragrance is not a new product it is a limited edition fragrance. The product aimed at the women is a completely new product. I choseRead MoreComparing the Persuasive Techniques Used in Two Charity Fundraising Advertisements1379 Words   |  6 PagesComparing the Persuasive Techniques Used in Two Charity Fundraising Advertisements The hardest thing for any charity is to raise money. There is only one way to do this, that is to persuade people to part with their money and donate it to a good cause. The â€Å" Bhopal Medical Appeal† and â€Å"Save The Children† advertisements are two examples of this. Both of these advertisements come from â€Å" The Observer† a broadsheet newspaper. Consequently it is assumed that the target audienceRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Pull Out Two Similar Products Owned By Different Companies1541 Words   |  7 Pagesbuyers. Focusing on the Scribner’s magazine in the 1916s, pull out two similar products owned by different companies at a time and compare the ways they were advertised and the significance of the single commercial. Advertisements in Scribner’s magazine had done a great job playing with classes and people’s desire. The early twenties century is all about social class and living the luxury life like there’s no tomorrow and those advertisement perfectly manipulate middle class’s desire to be in the categoryRead MoreComparison Contrast Essay1373 Words   |  6 Pageseverywhere we look we are surrounded by advertisements whether it is television commercials, billboards or advertisements. Obviously, the main purpose of advertisements is to get the consumer to purchase the product. Print advertisements are an extremely effective way to reach a mass audience because the advertisements are in print, the use of color, text and photography are all key factors in luring the consumers in to buying their product. Advertisements cannot simply attempt to sell the productRead MoreAdvertising And Its Effect On Advertising888 Words   |  4 PagesWhen comparing advertisements, cer tain ones will appeal to people differently. Advertisements are made to get someone’s attention in a quick manor. Some people are more enticed to humor, while others could be drawn to a more sexual image, or something more creative that requires intelligence to create and understand. First, by taking a sip of the Pepsi advertisement, I noticed the horizontal advertisement has a gentle light blue background. The Pepsi logo sits in the corner, not drawing much attentionRead MoreEuropean Advertising vs. American Advertising Essays872 Words   |  4 Pagesand European advertisements is that European ads use emotional blackmailing while American ads reason for you. Both European and American advertising benefit in marketing, it is simply just a matter of effectiveness based on the audience. When comparing the two cultures of advertisement, American versus European, it is safe to say that no one approach is better, just simply different. It is compared as emotion versus product. America is focused on selling the product and comparing it to other competitorsRead MoreMarketing Strategies For Samsung And Apple1549 Words   |  7 Pagesproduct lines of Galaxies and iPhones, both Samsung and Apple have been extremely successful in bringing their products to the masses. However, these two companies have very different marketing strategies that are used to sell their products. The advertisements for the Samsung Galaxies tend to focus on how their product is better or more advanced, by comparing it to the iPhone. On the other hand, Apple does not do their own advertising for the iPhone, they create the large demand for their product in aRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Rights827 Words   |  4 Pagestrying to convince others to join them in the fight. Like most advertisements , the ads concerning the issue of guns rights have to be provocative and eye catching.The Moms Demand Action for Gun Safety in America, society created an advertisement around 2013 to persuade Americans to support the ban of assault weapons in America, however there advertisment fell a tad short. The ad has two elementary age girls sitting on the ground. These two girls are different races. The African American girl holds aRead MoreAnalysis on Kilbournes Argument Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pagesof violence. Over 22 million women in the United States have been raped in their lifetime according to the website, Victims of Crime. This number is significant. Advertisements could play a role in making violence more acceptable in our society. PETA, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, is known for having shocking advertisements. This pro-vegan and pro-vegetarian nonprofit organization has always been a topic of interest. Many of PETA’s ad campaigns are related to sexuality, violence, discriminationRead MoreOnline Advertising As An Advertising Medium Essay1398 Words   |  6 Pagesfew years, increase the trend of shopping online (James et al, 2016). Nowadays, many companies are more concerning about how to attract customers to increase their revenue and become a lea der in competitive market. So they move towards online advertisements as many people spend more time for suffering on internet. Moreover, online advertising become popular in early 20th century in United States. It changed the dimension of growth and competition between online marketers. However, there are some

Sigma Six Iso 900 and Tqm Summary Free Essays

string(77) " that this outcome is a result of missing key parts of a successful program\." DMADV a. k. a. We will write a custom essay sample on Sigma Six Iso 900 and Tqm Summary or any similar topic only for you Order Now DFSS The DMADV project methodology, also known as  DFSS  (â€Å"Design  For  Six  Sigma†),[12]  features five phases: * Define  design goals that are consistent with customer demands and the enterprise strategy. * Measure  and identify CTQs (characteristics that are  Critical  To  Quality), product capabilities, production process capability, and risks. * Analyze  to develop and design alternatives, create a high-level design and evaluate design capability to select the best design. * Design  details, optimize the design, and plan for design verification. This phase may require simulations. * Verify  the design, set up pilot runs, implement the production process and hand it over to the process owner(s). In order to scope out a potential project its imperative one understands the Six Sigma DMAIC requirements. A great example of project scoping is similar to a physician diagnosing a patient with a specific illness. Effective project scoping is also comparable to a physician treating a patient with a specific illness, attention to detail is important when diagnosing a patient (Lynch, Bertolino, Cloutier, 2003). The define phase of a six sigma project is one of the most vital phases. The define phase can have the most impact on the success of the project. The DMAIC Six Sigma methodology should be used when a product or process is currently in place, but for some reason does not meet the customer specification or is not performing effectively, The DMADV methodology should be used when a new product or process is being introduced, when a process does not exist, or has reached entitlement. If a defect exists, one should opt toward using the DMAIC methodology to complete a six sigma project. Due to the nature of this process, identifying the customer specifications, designing and optimizing solutions, implementing the new process, product or service, a DMADV project can be more complex and be potentially longer in duration. Some Black Belts may be tempted to defer to DMADV when the process to be improved is not documented. Consider whether the work, process, or service is occurring today. If it is, then one would perhaps have a project that should begin as a DMAIC project. The process should then be documented as one of the early steps in the effort toward reducing defect variation. Another common misstep occurs when projects are identified as DMADV and the appropriate tools are not used. The DMADV methodology leverages unique tools to capture the Voice of the Customer and translate to CTQs, which is an acronym for â€Å"Critical to Quality† and then to Functional Design Requirements. These tools include Kano Analysis, Quality Function Deployment, and Pugh Matrix. Leveraging these tools during a DMADV project helps ensure that the effort to create a product, process, or service will deliver the most important customer requirements. Conclusion Six Sigma is one quality system that has outlasted other quality management systems (Brinlee, n. d. ). There are dozens of tools and software programs available; however, there are basics that all should know. Depending on ones training as a green or black belt, the six sigma tools used can vary. Most all six sigma software programs are designed to allow the computer to calculate to decrease the potential of human error. There are two basic classifications of six sigma tools: process optimization tools and statistical analysis tools (Brinlee, n. d. ). Analysis: After you describe your research finding and include references, please offer your analysis of the information here. By beginning the paragraph with a bolded word, it will be much more apparent to the Evaluator that this is where they will find your analysis of the information rather than it appearing as if it is part of the research summary. Benefits of Six Sigma It is clear that many companies have capitalized on the application of Six Sigma to there business model. If we look deeper into the appeal of Six Sigma, past the historical quantitative gains, we will find several benefits that companies find attractive. Pande, 2000) â€Å"Six Sigma, 1. â€Å"Generates sustained success† – The only way to sustain a high level of growth is to continually innovate and remake the organization. A Six Sigma process creates the skills and culture to achieve this continuous process improvement cycle. 2. â€Å"Sets a performance goal for everyone† – a company is made up of multiple departments with different tasks and objectives. Six Sigma provides a common objective for all departments to be as close to perfect as possible. The idea is that if you understand the customer’s requirements, then you can measure for defects. . â€Å"Enhances Customer Value† – The focus of Six Sigma is understanding what the customer requirements are and delivering a product or service within those requirements. 4. â€Å"Increases the rate of improvement† – Six Sigma helps a company stay on top of it’s improvement efforts by constantly updating requirements and identifying defects before they happen. 5. â€Å"Promotes Learning† – Six sigma brings experts together with novices to manage the process and teach the Six Sigma way of business. Companies that use Six Sigma view it as learning tool that is critical to their success. 6. Executes strategic change† – Six Sigma gives you a better under standing of your companies processes. The philosophy is tied back to the companies goals so when it’s time for change there is a higher probability of success. † (Pande, 2000) Six Sigma Negatives Six Sigma is has not been successful for every company. Critics point to several factors as negatives of Six Sigma. Some point to the fact that Six Sigma is not an original philosophy but rather a re-packaging of existing ideas. Additionally, critics point out the use of consultants and the need for highly trained specialist to implement and manage the process can be very expensive. Another criticism is that the 3. 4 per 1 million measurement does not fit all situations. An airport may need a higher standard than say the post office. It has been said that applying Six Sigma rigorously will result in in a workplace environment that is rigid and stifles creativity, innovation, and invention. However, proponents will say that this outcome is a result of missing key parts of a successful program. You read "Sigma Six Iso 900 and Tqm Summary" in category "Papers" The goals of the program must be tied to the goals of the company and the processes in place must directly tie to the customers needs. Implementation Six Sigma programs are deployed from the Top down and implemented from the bottom up. (Cariera and Trudell, 2006) You must have upper managements buy-in and full support. This support must be communicated effectively through the organization. Upper management must be willing to invest in training for their employees and willing to embrace the changes that will come out of the initiative. Although Six Sigma can involve some complex statistical theories and measurement tools, the barriers to successful implementations usually come from â€Å"behavioral† resistance rather than â€Å"technical† issues. Kumar, 2006) The following are what Kumar considers â€Å"Fundamental rules for significant change†: †¢ Always include affected individuals in both planning and implementing improvements. †¢ Provide sufficient time for employees to change. †¢ Confine improvements to only those changes essential to remove the identified root cause(s). †¢ Respect an i ndividual’s perceptions by listening and responding to his/her concerns. †¢ Ensure leadership participation in the program. †¢ Provide timely feedback to affected individuals. These are all key points to implementing Six Sigma, however to a Six Sigma critic’s point, there is nothing really new here. This is very similar to many other management and quality philosophies. Regardless of what name you give it, these fundamentals are imperative for instituting positive change in an organization. Perhaps by applying these fundamentals under a recognized program such as Six Sigma, there will be a better chance for success. ISO 9000 Naturally this subheading â€Å"Finding Number 2† would actually be changed to describe the second research finding. Then you would describe what you found and be sure to include quotes or paraphrases from your research. After each of those references, be sure to include a correct in-text citation (APA) format. Keep in mind that this task requires you to reference 8 sources in your paper (and include an accompanying Reference page). Analysis: After you describe your research finding and include references, please offer your analysis of the information here. By beginning the paragraph with a bolded word, it will be much more apparent to the Evaluator that this is where they will find your analysis of the information rather than it appearing as if it is part of the research summary. Benefits of ISO The ISO was started in 1947 when 25 countries met in London to define industry-wide standardization for the manufacture and supply of products, testing/analysis and technology used in these fields, that begins a foundation of the trade and transfer of technology. A) While leveling the playing field so countries can easily trade overseas easier, companies are free to compete in more worldwide markets. This allows companies access to territories previously adrnonished for political reasons (American companies doing business in Vietnam, for example), while bridging the needs of business into the new millennium. B) At its core the ISO in conjunction with organizations the WTO, promotes a global trading systern strength. The WTO instituted the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)’ which includes a Code of Good practice for the Preparation, Adoption and Application of Standards: simply-put, the Code recognizes the efficient improvement of production in international trade AND, encourages standardizing bodies to use ihem for the standards they develop. C) Another advantage is product reliability from other countries. Think about it, in terms of quality and safety you can rest easier knowing that the product quality will be the same or better than a competing US brand. Which is generally, not good. But it encourages competition, promotes more trade opens up our thinking to new, sometimes better merchandise. Look at the inventory from Ikea and World Market and see how those marketplaces have tested throughout the country? D) With regard to our govemment, where would we be without International Standards for health, safety and environmental legislation? International Standards can also ‘ame’ political trade agreements with this body of knowledge. E) I believe that, without certain Standardizations our commerce would erswl. Like the sizes of screw-threads for chairs in classrooms, telcom technology, the size of 2Ãâ€"4’s for use overseas, the quality of steel-beams to erect a building. Pros and cons of ISO ISO 9000 is a set of standards governing documentation of a quality program. ISO 9000 is an overview document which gives guidelines for selection and use of the other standards. It is also used internationally by business to provide an outline of quality assurance. The ISO 9000 contains five document which are the 9001 9002 9003 9004 the ISO 9001 deals with aspects of a quality program for businesses that design, produce, install and service products. The ISO 9002 deals with the same aspects as the ISO 9001, the ISO 9003 is the most limited in scope and addresses only the production process. ISO 9004 contains guidelines for interpreting the other standards. The steps for businesses to take in order to make sure they are registered with ISO 9000 standards are that the quality management system in the company or business must be fully approved and meet the required standard the ISO 9000 need. They must also be able to look after and put in order all the companies internally audits. Organisations should seek ISO 9000 accreditation due to some advantages it provides for the company which are it helps the company improve its customer service and increases the satisfaction of customers. When business or organisations seek ISO documentation it helps the focus on satisfying customers and providing quality service for customers. It helps the company to ensure that their product when is reached the final stage is of good quality which helps to increase customer satisfaction or make customer happy with the final product. Another reason why a company should also seek ISO 9000 accreditation is due to the fact that it would be easier for business or organisation to get supplier if there in need of one. Supplier would be willing to associate themselves with companies with the ISO documentation who are in looking for or in a need of suppliers. The ISO accreditation requires an organisation to analyse and document its actions, which is important in any event for implementing continuous improvement for the staff who get involved. The rules required in ISO accreditation standards provide businesses to start pursuing TQM programs. Organisations that register their company with the ISO 9000 accreditation give there company a good eye with public as it increases their marketability as the public feel they have their best interest at heart by ensuring they offer good quality products to them and this is an advantage to the company as it increases their customer loyalty base and brings in new customers. It would also help organisations against their competitors as a business or company seeking ISO 9000 accreditation increases their advantages over their competitors and this might make them draw some of their competitors’ customers. ISO 9000 registration helps companies look attractive by inviting business owners and investors to combine or deal in business with them. It gives companies or businesses who have registered with ISO 9000 accreditation secure their finances with other businesses. Aside from all this advantages towards companies who seek ISO 9000 accreditation there are also disadvantages to this documentation. One of them would be its very expensive to organisations who seek the ISO 9000 accreditation. Some companies who fully be able continuously pay the funds to register their companies especially companies that are not large. The steps to register your business or company are very expensive and so many companies might be able to afford it. Apart from the business being expensive another disadvantage is the amount or period the process takes to register. The process usually takes many months or over a year to complete the registration and all the necessary documentation it needs to finally complete it. This might make business fed up due to amount of time it’s taken them to achieve this documentation and the amount of time they have put in order to complete it to the final audit. Aside from it also being expensive there’s a lot of paper work and documentation involved in registering with the ISO 9000 accreditation and this paper work take a lot of the company time. This makes the business focus on the paper work rather than being able to balance the paper work or other business matters the company needs to adhere. Some companies might get carried away with the documentation forgetting they need to attend to other business matter and this might make them lose important business running. Total Quality Management (TQM) Naturally this subheading â€Å"Finding Number 3† would actually be changed to describe the third research finding. Then you would describe what you found and be sure to include quotes or paraphrases from your research. After each of those references, be sure to include a correct in-text citation (APA) format. Keep in mind that this task requires you to reference 8 sources in your paper (and include an accompanying Reference page). If you have more than 3 main points, please feel free to add them. Follow the same format for consistency. Analysis: After you describe your research finding and include references, please offer your analysis of the information here. By beginning the paragraph with a bolded word, it will be much more apparent to the Evaluator that this is where they will find your analysis of the information rather than it appearing as if it is part of the research summary. Recommendations This will be the last section of the body of your paper in which you will provide your audience (your company’s management) with your recommendations for action. Again, you could begin by replacing this text with an appropriate introduction. The discussion here should also justify the logic used to arrive at the particular recommendations. For example: Recommendation: This would be your first recommendation. You could bold it as I have here. Then you should explain or describe the recommendation more fully as well as why you feel this will be beneficial to the company. You will then follow this same format for the remaining recommendations. You must have at least three recommendations for the company. Conclusion Task instruction: Prepare a business report based on your research findings that includes a conclusion that will: a. Emphasize the importance of the three research findings; b. Summarize the benefits of your recommendations. . This task can generally be done in 1-2 paragraphs. How to cite Sigma Six Iso 900 and Tqm Summary, Papers

This Earth of Mankind

Introduction Minke is the name derived by the author to develop the ideas of nationalism. The artwork is intertwined with the author’s role in the revolution that sorts to end the era of colonization. The thoughts and philosophies of the author have been outlined through this character. The novel is written in an indentation language. This is because he wants to contribute in national building and in building a sense of identity to the natives.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on This Earth of Mankind specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The language is the unifying factor to various individuals who came from different groups. This essay examines Minke’s evolvement from a colonial puppet to a national and patriotic Javanese. He is depicted as the force that seeks to chase colonialism and establish freedom of the natives. Minke and the Dutch colonial education Minke studied in an environment with obsolete love and harshness due to his blood line. Apparently, learning in an institution where a person does not have friends could be tough. Unfortunately, Minke studied in Hogere Burger School where he was disrespected due to his native blood. However, we cannot ignore the point that he was determined and eloquent to fight external and internal problems towards the end. According to this book, Minke was disliked because of the blood flowing in his vein that was not European. It, therefore, appears that he developed characters from the education field that triggered his mind to hate Europeans. Consequently, he realized that the colonizer were unfair to the natives. This influenced him to establish a character of loving the oppressed community and hating the colonizers. Minkes education offered him a chance to arise and fight the injustices inflicted to the natives. This, also, facilitated clarity of his voice to the people through the art of writing. It could be expected that the rigidity and toughness dominating Minke would be absent without education. The first phase of ‘This Earth of Mankind’ has outlined some of the modernity associated with Europeans. The author presents Minke as a great admirer of these modern ways. He is mesmerized by the discovery of a train and the concept of globalization that is facilitated by the utilization of a telegram. Minke seems honored to be admitted in a school that is a reserve for the European children. He takes charge as a member of privilege and modernized society such as the colonizers. To culminate his imagination, Minke aspires prospering as a senior member of the Dutch administration in his native land. In addition, he disregards his tradition by viewing the superiority of the European over the native (Ashcroft 314).Advertising Looking for critical writing on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of Minke’s teachers seems to have a d ifferent thought. In the book, Minke seems to have irritated the teacher by virtual of his background. The teacher calls him Minke which presumably was a name that could be coined from the word monkey. However, Minke is a privileged indigenous person for being admitted in a European school. In fact, the teacher questioned his presence in school because they thought he was out of place. Minke as the Colonial Doubling Minke is presented as a bright student with a bright future. His teacher is depicted to have assimilated the young mind into the thought that Europeans are superior to the natives. In the first novel, Hurgronje project is viewed as a success since the project effectively manages to civilize the native. Minke feeling of being privilege is further showcases. In addition, some two other students who are of European origin find it unbelievable to find an indigenous person being a student at a European school. The author furthers Minke character by depicting him as an admirer of the success of Hurgronje project and also he feels as part of the project. Minke’s mother observes her son’s hybridization. She rebukes the young man and critics him openly for abandoning his native ways. She calls him a dark skinned Dutch and suspects that he has converted to Christianity. The speeches of Minke counter the utterances of his mother directly and without restraint. He meant to counter her accusation and justify his action. These behaviors were not allowed in the Javanese community. This was a sign of disrespect to an elder. In his defense, Minke tells his mother that he still reads Javanese epics. However, he sees them as inferior since they encouraged people to be defeated. This phenomenon outlines how he had deviating from his indigenous way of life. The assimilation into European culture is manifested in his developed talent. Minke is a prolific author who writes short stories and publishes them in the local dairies. The articles are written in Du tch language insinuating that Dutch has become his preferred language in both instruction and the way of life. This action separates him from his community and statesmen.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on This Earth of Mankind specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author, therefore, introduces an intriguing phenomenon. Although Minke best friend is not a native, he feels sorry for Minke in consideration to his view on people and their way of life. His writings were read by the people who understood Dutch only. This means that his writing did not benefit his own people. Minke’s friend tried to intervene and encourage Minke to apply his native language. However, this offended Minke since he was convinced that his individuality interlocked to his writing. Therefore, separating the two aspects would demean his purpose. The foreign language that Minke adopted was involved in modifying his character. In addition, it is fundamental to argue that this was the intended purpose of the colonial education. The colonialists were aware that control of economics and political activities were not achievable without controlling the indigenous way of thinking. Consequently, they hoped to control natives through the language and consequent education. This was targeted at taking charge of the element that defines their identity. Language enslaved natives since it was the key of controlling command. In addition, the colonizers knew that controlling the oral language was tedious and hard to archive. Therefore, they opted to capture the natives through the written language. In this context, Minke has adopted the Dutch way of life fully and preferred their tastes. Minke’s parent could not bring him into the native way of life. This advances the concept that the colonizers not only seek to develop a system aiming to repress the native cultures, but also seeks to create a situation to develop cultural detachment from the traditional ways. This is done through assimilation or by separating the masses from their elites. Minke disregards the French revolution and calls it ‘decoration’. Minke claims that he was not motivated by the spirit and the intention of the revolution (Foulche 214). To culminate his disregard on the natives, he demands the use of high Javanese due to his social status. Minke Reconversion Minke is entangled in a judicial process with Mauritis. The contest turns to be more of a rational contest than a legal proceeding. The colonial prosecutor takes sides by being biased in favors of the fellow colonial individual.Advertising Looking for critical writing on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The judge and the prosecutor questioned the validity of the marriage between Minke and Nyai because they came from different racial backgrounds. Herman won the case and was appointed to be the trustee of Annelies. This educated Minke on the existence of identity politics in the colonial era. The court nullifies their marriage since it does not recognize the Islamic law. The court reveals limited thought of the colonial power. In a conversation with Nyamai, Minke realized that the colonial court had robbed the freedom of natives. Minke acknowledges that the concept is not covered in the colonial school or book. He, therefore, recognizes the need to oppose colonial masters for their uncivil behavior. From the Martian theory, Minke is depicted to have gone thought the three phases of this theory. Fanon suggested that the development and evolution of the colonized people happened in three phases (Fanon 213). In the first phase, the colonized intellectuals were inculcated in the colonize r’s way of life successfully. The second stipulates that the native intellectuals were disturbed by Minke’s alienations from the natives. Lastly, the third phase stipulates that the intellectuals returned like awakeners to the people (Fanon 214). Analyzing Minke under the Fanon theory, he has passed the two stages of the theory. Minke’s best friend introduced him to Kommer who was an editor. Kommer enlightens Minke about the role of native individuals in regard to liberating his people. Kommer suggested that Minke should apply his native language in the writing talent. In addition, he educated him that the use of Malay language is a sign of identification that links him to his people. The educator described it as a sign of his love for natives. Kommer’s advises provoked his conscience and developed the desire to understand his own people. The author depicts Minke to have made a life-defining discovery that had been taken away from his classroom education. Despite the European knowledge Minke had acquired from the school, information existing in a society was uncovered in class. This was only achievable from interaction with natives. Minke’s lessons are, also, enhanced by Mei who was the second wife. Mei narrated that some Europeans had caused serious trouble and pain to other people especially non-Europeans. Minke agrees that the information was not disseminated in schools (Foulcher 178). Minke, therefore, questioned the honesty and goodwill of the European education. After the death of his wife, Minke saw the need of meeting with an elite native. Bupati was a well-educated man who was part of the Hurgronje program. Bupati had an intact culture that was opposed to the character of Minke. He expected him to be a civil man. Minke realized that the project was developed to address the needs of the European government but not the issue of native development. Conclusion Minke and fellow native intellectuals came up with Saret Priy ayi. They managed to establish Medan. These journals are run by the natives. In addition, they failed to welcome outsiders directly. Afterwards, Minke took part in founding Boedi Oetomo. This was his last act to exempt from the colonial power that was denouncing his position in the colonial government. At this point, he had gone through the three stages of Fanon theory. He was seen to have succeeded in inspiring the thought of nationalism in his people. Works Cited Ashcroft, Bill. Post-colonial Studies: The Key Concept. London: Routledge, 2002. Print. Fanon, Frantz. Post colonialism: Critical Concept in Literacy and cultural Studies. London: Diana Brydon, 2000. Print. Foulcher, Keith. On a Roll: Pramoedya and the Post-colonial Transition. Sidney: Quorum Books, 2008. Print. This critical writing on This Earth of Mankind was written and submitted by user Trey Dillon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Your 3 Step Cheat Sheet on How to Get a Job

Your 3 Step Cheat Sheet on How to Get a Job If you’ve been on the job hunt before, you know that a stellar resume and solid-gold experience are really only part of the process. Everything else hinges on how you present yourself in writing and in person. Hiring managers aren’t shy about sharing tips for job-seekers- after all, they have a huge interest in finding the best person available, and they want you to be that person. It’s a win all around when you get hired, so it’s in your best interest to take their recommendations to heart. So what do you need to know? Let’s walk through some of the most important strategies on how to get a job. . 1. Before You Apply2. The Interview3.  After the InterviewBefore You ApplyDon’t just dive in without a plan–disorganization will make both you and your job search process scattered and messy.Be focused (and realistic) in your search.If you’re looking to move up in your field, don’t apply for jobs that are a total reach for yo u, experience-wise. Make sure you’re applying for jobs that you can plausibly do with your experience level and skills. (The Muse recommends having 80% of the job requirements if you’re reaching.) If you’ve only had one three-year job out of school, applying for a CEO position because it came up in a keyword search is not going to be a productive use of anyone’s time. If a job calls for five years of experience when you have four years plus the requisite skills, that’s more reasonable. Just prepare to emphasize the skills and qualities that qualify you to do the job. Don’t apply indiscriminately for jobs in your industry and wait for something to stick.Know the job and the company.If you get stumped by a basic question like, â€Å"So what attracts you to this company?† in the interview, things are not going to go great from there. Doing some super-basic research ahead of time is the bare minimum of the prep you need to do when you app ly for a job opening. Not only can it help you form your interview talking points, but it could also set off any red flags early in the process. If you’re really interested in a marketing position at GiantCorp, but find out that you’d be marketing baby seal poison, that might not jive very well with your longtime ASPCA volunteering. It’s a waste of your time (and the hiring manager’s) if you go far down the path for a position or a company you’re really not interested in.Also know the company’s culture.If you’re looking for a company where you can wear jeans a few times a week and have a strong work-life balance, then you’re not going to be very happy if you accept a job at a place where you’re expected to wear formal business attire for your 75-hour work week. This can be tough to scope out ahead of an interview, but if you poke around the company website and check sites like Glassdoor, it can give you a glimpse into wh at it’s like to work for the company.Tailor your resume.This goes back to the first point, about not taking a one-size-fits-all approach. The recruiter or hiring manager is looking for The One, the Candidate to Rule Them All- not a vague outline of a person. Your job is to make them see how well you fit into this role, not every possible job opening. Before you apply, make sure your resume is massaged to match the job description, and you’ve played up your skills and experience accordingly.List job-specific skills on your resume, especially software.This is kind of an extension of the tailoring, but it also works even if the job description doesn’t ask for specific software proficiency. This is a quick, easy way to convey very specific information to the hiring manager. If you decide to hold out until the interview to talk about your Excel ninja skills for a job that lives and dies on spreadsheet analysis, it might already be too late, with your resume in the â €Å"nope† pile. It’s also an easy way to get past automated resume readers and keyword searches.The InterviewCongrats! You’ve made it to the next step. The prep work is done, right? Not so much. This just opens up a whole new set of expectations.Be confident- and show it.There’s always a chance that the interviewer will see past any nerves and decide that you’re supremely qualified, despite your nervous rambling or lack of eye contact. (I say this with love and respect, as a fellow introvert who has always struggled with interview confidence.) But you can’t really bet on that- you need to be as confident and clear as you can be in the interview. Practice your talking points (skills, experience) ahead of time, so that pauses can’t be misconstrued as â€Å"stalling for time† or its insidious cousin, â€Å"making stuff up.† Practice your interview handshake and eye contact, as well as your body language. And try to relax. T he stakes may feel high, but you want the interviewer to see as much of the real you (awesome professional edition) as possible.Be early(ish).The interview arrival sweet spot is 10-15 minutes ahead of your scheduled time. That gives you time to check in with someone (a receptionist, building security, etc.) and sit quietly for a minute to collect your thoughts. Being late is a no-no, but so is being too early. It’s awkward to sit around, and it’s awkward for your interviewer if he or she knows you’re just sitting around for 20 minutes while they wrap up another interview or try to get something done before your meeting. If you find you’re about to arrive at the place really early, kill time outside. If there’s a coffee place nearby, grab a small cup of your preferred beverage (maybe even a lucky scone). Catch up on headlines. Review your interview prep notes. Then, when you’re down to ten minutes ahead of game time, head into the building.Dr ess the part.Even if your pre-interview research tells you that everyone wears fashionably ripped jeans and concert tees to work at this place, dress up for your interview. Going too casual telegraphs that you don’t take this very seriously. You will never go wrong wearing with a clean, ironed, well-fitting suit for your interview.Don’t be snarky or inappropriate.Tone is super-important in your interview. You want to be approachable, and light jokes are fine- especially in the small talk phase at the beginning, or later in the congeniality competition. However, keep it light, and never make jokes at the expense of the interviewer, or the company.Don’t lie.Just don’t. Don’t exaggerate your Spanish skills on your resume, because you might walk into an interview with someone who spent three years living in Barcelona. Don’t suggest that you practically ran the place at your old job, because a quick call to someone at your old company could contr adict that right quick. It’s okay to play up skills and experiences, but always be sure you can back them up with specifics and references. If you get caught lying, that’s pretty much an automatic dealbreaker. Even if it’s a little fib, it throws your whole resume in doubt.Ask questions.If you don’t have any questions about the job, the day-to-day, or the people you’d be working with, the interviewer may get suspicious that you don’t care, or that you don’t really see yourself in the role. Up to now, it’s likely that you’ve only seen the posted job description- and those are usually bare bones at best. This is your chance to learn more about what the job is actually like, and figure out how you see yourself fitting in.RELATED:  The Best Questions to Ask During A Job InterviewAfter the InterviewYour job isn’t done when you walk out of your interview. For better or worse, you’re being judged on your post-in terview behavior–stay on your best and classiest behavior all the while.Send a thank you note.Even if the interview went terribly. Even if you said a lovely and poignant â€Å"thank you† to the interviewer as you left the room. Send the thank you note. It’s a nice touch, and lets the interviewer know that you’re still engaged and vested in this process. If you can drop a quick handwritten note in the mail, great- people appreciate that personal touch. At a bare minimum, send an email that same day.RELATED:  6 Steps to Writing a Great Thank You NoteDon’t pester anyone for a response.Whether you’re a kid or you’re a grown professional anxious to get word about your future, â€Å"Are we there yet? How about now? Okay, how about†¦now?† is not a good look. After the interview, give the company room to breathe. They might be meeting with other candidates, or going through an internal review/approval process. You won’t w in any bonus â€Å"hire me† points by checking in with HR (or the interviewer) every single day. Before you leave the interview, ask the interviewer if there’s a time frame for next steps. If that time passes and you’re anxious, you can send a brief email asking if there’s anything further they need from you. If you don’t hear back after a month, especially if your check-in email went unanswered, it’s safe to assume this just wasn’t to be.Remember: even when this job hunt feels like an impersonal process, there are always humans behind it reading your resume, and trying to get a sense of who you are. They see the good, the bad, and the ugly come across their desks when it’s time to hire someone new, and have a vested interest in making sure you fall into the â€Å"good† category and become an asset to their team. It may feel like a bit of a chore to have a checklist of actions to make yourself more appealing, but it†™s totally worth it in the long run.

The Main Engineering Branches

The Main Engineering Branches Engineers apply scientific principles to design or develop structures, equipment, or processes. Engineering encompasses several disciplines. Traditionally, the main branches of engineering are chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering, but there are many other areas of specialization. Key Takeaways: Branches of Engineering Engineering is a huge discipline. In general, an engineer applies scientific knowledge to solve practical problems and design equipment and processes.Engineering students typically study one of the main branches of engineering: chemical, electrical, civil, and mechanical.Many more disciplines are available, with more described over time. Examples include aerospace engineering and computer engineering. Here is a summary of the main branches of engineering: Acoustical Engineering Engineering concerned with the analysis and control of vibration, particularly sound vibrations. Aerospace Engineering Aerospace engineering deals with aeronautics and astronautic engineering, including the design and analysis of aircraft, satellites,  and spacecraft. Agricultural Engineering This branch of engineering deals with farm machinery and structures, natural resources, bioenergy and farm power systems. Sub-disciplines include food engineering, aquaculture, and bioprocess engineering. Automotive Engineering Automotive engineers are involved in the design, manufacture, and performance of cars and trucks. Biological Engineering Biological engineering is applied biology and medicine. It includes biomedical engineering, biochemical engineering, protein engineering, genetic engineering, and tissue engineering. Biomedical Engineering Biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary specialty that applies engineering principles to medical and biological problems and systems. This discipline commonly deals with medical therapies, monitoring devices, and diagnostic tools. Chemical Engineering Chemical engineering (CE) applies chemistry to develop new materials and processes to convert materials into useful products. Civil Engineering Civil engineering (CE) is one of the oldest forms of engineering. Civil engineering pertains to the discipline pertaining to the design, construction, analysis, and maintenance of structures, both natural and man-made, including bridge, roads, dams, and buildings. Sub-disciplines of civil engineering may include construction engineering, materials engineering, control engineering, structural engineering, urban engineering, municipal engineering, biomechanics, and surveying. Computer Engineering Computer engineering integrates computer science with electrical engineering to develop and analyze circuits, microprocessors, and computers. Computer engineers tend to focus more on hardware while software engineers traditionally focus on programming and software design. Electrical Engineering Electrical engineering (EE) involves the study and application of electricity and electronics. Some consider computer engineering and software engineering to be subdisciplines of electrical engineering. Electronic engineering, optical engineering, power engineering, control engineering, and telecommunications engineering are EE specialities. Energy Engineering Energy engineering is a multidisciplinary engineering field that integrates aspects of mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineering to address alternative energy, energy efficiency, plant engineering, environmental compliance, and related technologies. Engineering Management Engineering management combines engineering and management principles to develop and assess business practices. These engineers help plan and administrate businesses from their inception through operation. They are involved in product development, design engineering, construction, manufacturing, and marketing. Environmental Engineering Environmental engineering works to prevent or remediate pollution or to maintain or improve the natural environment. This includes water, land, and air resources. Related disciplines are industrial hygiene and environmental engineering law. Industrial Engineering Industrial engineering pertains to the design and study of logistics and industrial resources. Types of industrial engineering include safety engineering, construction engineering, manufacturing engineering, textile engineering, reliability engineering, component engineering, and systems engineering. Manufacturing Engineering Manufacturing engineering designs, studies and develops machines, tool, manufacturing processes, and equipment. Mechanical Engineering Mechanical engineering (ME) may be considered the mother of all engineering branches. Mechanical engineering applies physical principles and materials science to the design, manufacture, and analysis of mechanical systems. Mechatronics Mechatronics combines mechanical engineering and electrical engineering, frequently in the analysis of automated systems. Robotics, avionics, and instrumentation engineering may be considered types of mechatronics. Nanoengineering Nanoengineering is the application of engineering on the vastly miniaturized or nanoscopic scale. Nuclear Engineering Nuclear engineering is the practical application of nuclear processes, such as those used to produce and harness nuclear power. Petroleum Engineering Petroleum engineers apply scientific principles to detect, drill and extract crude oil and natural gas. Types of petroleum engineering includes drilling engineering, reservoir engineering, and production engineering. Structural Engineering Structural engineering pertains to the design and analysis of load-bearing structures and supports. In many cases, this is a subdiscipline of civil engineering, but structural engineering also applies to other structures, such as vehicles and machinery. Vehicle Engineering Engineering pertaining to design, manufacture, and operation of vehicles and their components. Branches of vehicle engineering include naval architecture, automotive engineering, and aerospace engineering. There are many more engineering branches, with more being developed all the time as new technologies develop. Many undergraduates start out seeking degrees in mechanical, chemical, civil, or electrical engineering and develop specializations through internships, employment, and advanced education.

Humanities-week 2 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Humanities-week 2 - Term Paper Example I believe that he is someone who has the capacity to lead a nation without fear of dying. He also showed how loyal he is to his friends and companions when he fought back for Patroclus. Even if he refused to fight anymore, he begged his mother to make him new armour ended his refusal to fight. Discussion 2: Greek Legacy †¢ Describe one way that you see a particular tenet of Greek philosophy reflected in the modern Western worldview One of the most influential principles of Greek philosophy came from Plato. In the modern Western worldview, we continuously strive how to live a good life. In Plato’s famous dialogue named The Republic, he talked about the central problem of how to live a good life. He also tackled about the ideal state, state with justice and the just individual. In our world today, we all know that we are still in the midst of finding the answers to these questions. Our state is still striving hard to become a just and ideal state that could serve the best t o the people. Individuals also struggle to become good to others. Modern Western worldview still reflects the quest to ideal republic and justice. Discussion 3: Roman Legacy †¢ Describe a specific example of life in Ancient Rome that is found in contemporary life in the U.S. One of the most prominent lifestyle in Ancient Rome is their desire for innovation and love for gadget.

International human resources management 'Hilton Hotel' Essay

International human resources management 'Hilton Hotel' - Essay Example They use a number of mixed models in their management, which include: - 1. Harvard model developed by David Guest (1987,1989,1986b, 1991) this model four policies are defined and are applied in this hotel they include; - a) Strategic integration - Hilton hotel integrates human resource management issues into its various strategic plans that are aimed at more developed and improved services. b) High commitment to pursue agreed goals- the hotel demonstrates very high commitment to its effort of achieving set goals this are shown by both the employees and the management itself. c) High quality of goods and services provided which include management of employees and investment in high quality employees. d) Functional flexibility with capacity to manage various innovations. 2. The matching model of Human Resource Management Fiedler (1964) asserted that the human resource systems and the organization structure should be managed in a way that is congruent with organizational Strategy and that the strategic human resource concepts and tools needed are fundamentally different from the stock in the trade of the traditional personnel administrator. This is exactly what Hilton hotel practice; its managers are committed in weighing human resource issues with the same level of attention as they give to other functions, for example, finance marketing and production. The model is highly achieved in this London branch of the Hilton hotels (Fox, 1973) The hotel integrates business and human resource strategies which yield better results, set business targets are thus achieved and the best human resource strategies applied It has adopted a very coherent approach for provision of mutually supporting and integrated human resource policies and... The employees of Conrad hotel undergo training regularly, their own training manager conducts this in their boardroom and at times they attend various seminars and workshops in the neighboring cities, countriesÐ ± and continents. Besides, they invite expatriates to come and train their employees. To meet the daily recruitment needs at Conrad hotel the personnel and Training manager uses Hcareers a site that offers the excellent tool for attracting the right candidates. The website recruitment ensures speed in recruitment. The manager normally uses the external recruitment sources for supervisory and management positions. The approach in customer skills is applied and candidates from reputable sources are recruited. These give a perfect solution to everyday recruitment needs at the Conrad HotelÃ'Ž The mode of recruiting workers at this hotel is purely through merit where applications are invited from any potential applicant in the nay corner of the globe. A panel of officials goes t hrough the application letters who later shortlist the successful candidates for the interview. Selection is based on the interview results where the best candidate is picked. He goes through massive training until he becomes well equipped in laying out duties. The current staffing trend is not geographically well spread because most of the employees of the senior management level i.e. Accountants, Marketing managers, human resource manager, and personnel manager among others are from a given particular region. (Thomas & Walker, 1993)

Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Essay -- Sexual Harassment in the Wo

Obviously, it is a very natural thing for men and women to be attracted to each other in sexual ways. Men, more than women, have been historically known to be far more aggressive in their advances toward women sexually and it varies from each woman as to how these aggressive advances make them feel. Advances such as whistling, bottom pinching and glaring are the types of things some men do to women in an attempt to show they are sexually attracted to them. These types of advances can be attempted just about anywhere; the beach, the mall, in night clubs, walking down the street, or even in their place of employment. Where should the line be drawn as to where these advancements are appropriate and what can a woman do to protect herself from feeling uncomfortable while trying to make a living? Women experiencing this type of treatment is a real problem in the workplace today and has been for many years. It has become to be known as sexual harassment and was given a widely used definition by Michael Rubenstein as 'unwanted conduct of a sexual nature or conduct based on sex which is offensive to the recipient'(Collier 3). However, the term often has a very unclear definition in the legal since. Harassment is only harassment if it is felt to be so by the recipient(3). With that said, there is a very large range as to what could be felt as sexual harassment and that creates a great concern for men in the workplace and a need to be extremely careful as to what is said, the way you look, as well as what and where fellow employees are touched. A small, innocent touch on the shoulder could be seen as harassment just as a crude sexual pinch on the bottom by some women. Because of that, sexual harassment, rightfully so, is appro... ...others and I think that new and improved programs should always be implemented because many people find ways around the system. In order to learn more about sexual harassment and prevent fraud, detailed reports should continue to be kept for every case filed and each one should be investigated thoroughly. There are some women who will file false sexual harassment charges against someone for personal reasons. If this does happen, the male usually never comes out on the good end and the women remains employed at the company. Complete investigations will attempt this from happening and will assure that justice be kept in the workforce as well. Again, sexual harassment is always going to be a part of our world, but the companies that research and address the problem properly will remain on top while those who ignore it will loose more than they can imagine.

Health Risks of Energy Drink Essay

Introduction People want immediate results in the middle of the busy day, after exercise, or any other activity which requires them to recharge themselves. So, instead of focusing on key natural ways such as sleep habits, improving diets we used to go for certain energy drinks available in the market without knowing the pros and cons of these drinks related to our health. Recent researches on the consumption of energy drinks have proved that the excessive use of these types of drinks can cause severe health risk including increase in systolic pressure, insomnia, and various other discussed later in the paper. It is the common phenomena that energy drink used to rebuild the energy lost during the exercise, which is not right. Similarly, it does not help burn calories, neither it speed ups the metabolism nor it provides long lasting energy to our body. Energy drinks are the fastest growing beverages market (Bornstein, 2011). Youth is reportedly consumers more energy drinks than other demographic variable. There are various energy drinks available in the market targeting the same type of crowd with different slogan and appeals. Some have focused on athletes, some on teenagers and students etc. Excessive caffeine can cause various health problems such as insomnia, jitters, nervousness, gastrointestinal problems, and heart palpitations. Background Statement We see various TV ads focusing on red bull, 5-hour ENERGY, monster etc so are these drinks shelved at the supermarkets. However, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and UK drug inspecting agencies has reported severe health related issues on the consumption of energy drinks. The sales of energy drinks in UK and other parts of the world is increasing so are the concerns after the researches made on this particular subject. Hence, the need is to review the myth surrounding energy drinks consumption. What are energy drinks? According to UK soft drink report (2012), soft drinks are â€Å"traditional glucose based energy drinks; functional or stimulation energy drinks which claim a particular energy boost from caffeine, Guarani, turbine and ginseng or other herbs or some combination of these ingredients†. The ingredients used in these energy drinks act as a stimulant to the central nervous system of our brain. These include caffeine or Guarani and vitamins etc. Health Risk There are various serious health risks associated with the consumption of energy drinks. Some of these health risks are discussed in this section. Drinking energy drinks in moderation is not necessarily harmful. Excessive consumption of energy drinks containing caffeine, however, can result in the same health effects related to consuming too much caffeine, such as insomnia, jitters, nervousness, gastrointestinal problems, and heart palpitations. Like sodas, the amount of sugar and empty calories (calories that do not contain nutrients) in energy drinks contribute to poor dietary health when consumed regularly. Hence, the affects of these drinks are short term as well long term. These affects are categorized below: Short term affects †¢ Hurts performance †¢ Increased heart rate †¢ Abnormal heart rhythm and other problems †¢ Crabby †¢ Trouble Concentrating †¢ Negative interactions with medications †¢ Increased Blood Pressure Long term affects †¢ Caffeine Addiction †¢ Liver Failure †¢ Sleep Apnea †¢ Kidney Failure †¢ Cardiovascular Disease So, it is better to be aware of these health issues and do not use more than 100mg/day of the caffeine as per health official recommendation. Conclusion After reviewing the ingredients, myths, and other factors surrounding the energy drinks it can be concluded that excessive use of caffeine i.e. by consuming more energy drink will certainly lead us to the several health risks which might be short term as well as long term. So, the need for the people is to get educate themselves, so is the responsibility of the energy drink manufacturers to warn the customers of the potential health hazards associated with the particular drink. References Roy-Bornstein, C. (2011). Just Say No to Energy Drinks. Pediatrics For Parents, 27(7/8), 11. UK soft drink report (2012) Available at: http://www. britishsoftdrinks. com/PDF/UK%20soft%20drinks%20report%202012. pdf.

Comparative Study on Optical Fiber Sensors and Conventional Sensors in Context with Monitoring of Civil Engineering Structures - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 28 Words: 8313 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT This study deals with the comparison of the two types of sensors which are widely used in civil engineering, namely, conventional sensors and optical fiber sensors. Temperature and displacement are the two principal parameters which are measured with the aid of Fiber optic sensors. Bragg Grating, Interferometric, Intensity Sensors, and optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) are some of the techniques which are used for sensing. In this study, various case studies have been undertaken and have been analyzed. With the aid of these case studies, a detailed analysis and comparison of the sensors is carried out. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Comparative Study on Optical Fiber Sensors and Conventional Sensors in Context with Monitoring of Civil Engineering Structures" essay for you Create order Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION In the last two decades, the world has witnessed a revolution in the sectors of optoelectronics and fiber optic communications. Various products such as laser printers and bar code scanners which have become a part of our daily usage, are a result of this technical revolution only. The reasons for the phenomenal growth of the fiber optics are many. The most conspicuous reason being the ability of the fiber optics to provide high performance and highly reliable communication links and that too at a very low bandwidth cost. As we see that optoelectronic and fiber communications industry has progressed a lot, and along with these industries fiber optic sensors have also benefited a lot from these developments. Due to the mass production in these industries, availability of fiber optic sensors at a low cost has been made possible in recent years. With their availability at affordable costs, fiber optic sensors have been able to enter the domain which was otherwise being ruled by the trad itional sensors. In recent years, the demand for the development of new materials to strengthen, upgrade and retrofit existing aged and deteriorated concrete structures has increased rapidly. The continuing deterioration and functional deficiency of existing civil infrastructure elements represents one of the most significance challenges facing the worlds construction and civil engineers. Deficiencies in existing concrete structures caused by initial flawed design due to insufficient detailing at the time of construction, aggressive chemical attacks and ageing of structural elements enhance an urgent need of finding an effective means to improve the performance of these structures without additionally increasing the overall weight, maintenance cost and time. In the last 50 years, a large number of civil concrete structures have been built; many of these structures, particularly in off-shore regions have now deteriorated and require repair in a short period of time. Moreover, the increase of traffic volume and population in many developing countries is causing the demand to upgrade existing concrete structures to increase. The damage of reinforced concrete (RC) structures through reinforcement corrosion and residual capacity are the most important issues that concern engineers. These problems occur not only in constructed concrete structures but also in structures strengthened by externally bonded steel reinforcements. In the past, the external steel plate bonding method has been used to improve strength in the tensile region of concrete structures with an epoxy adhesive and has proved to be successful over a period of 20 years. However, the use of steel reinforced plates and bars has its disadvantages including high corrosion rates, which could adversely affect the bond strength and cause surface spalling of the concrete, due to volumetric change in the corroded steel reinforcements. Since the early 1980s, fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) materials have been used as a replacement for conventional steel materials for concrete strengthening applications. In recent years, the interest in utilizing FRP materials in the civil concrete industry in forms of rods, plates, grid and jacket has grown increasingly. When an FRP plate with high tensile strength properties bonds on the concrete surface, it can strengthen the structure with minimum changes to its weight and dimensions. FRP offers substantial improvement in solving many practical problems that conventional materials cannot solve to provide a satisfactory service life of the structure. Unlike the conventional steel materials, FRP is corrosion resistant. The beneficial characteristics of using the FRP in concrete construction include its high strength-to-weight ratio, low labour requirement, ease of application, reduced traffic interruption during repair, cost reductions in both transportation and in situ maintenance for a long-term strategy. Its high damping characteristic also attracts more structural engineers to use these materials for seismic retrofitting. Due to the increasing use of FRP-plate bonding techniques in strengthening civil concrete structures, the interest in finding a suitable means of monitoring the structural health conditions of these strengthened structures has therefore increased substantially. Since strengthened structures are covered by the FRP plates, the mechani cal properties of the concrete may not be measured or detected easily through conventional nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods, such as strain measurements using surface mounted strain gauges or extensometers, radiography, thermography and acoustic emission methods, particularly in areas with microcracks and debonds underneath the externally-bonded plate. Besides, these structural inspection technologies, in certain cases, require special surface preparations or a high degree of flatness in the concrete surface. These requirements may be hard to achieve, particularly for an area that is exposed to a harsh environment. During the 1990s, a multi-disciplinary field of engineering known as Smart Structures has developed as one of the most important research topics in the field.The structure is formed by a marriage of engineering materials with structurally-integrated sensor systems. The system is capable of assessing damage and warning of impending weakness in the structural integrity of the structure. Fibre-optic sensor technology is a most attractive device currently used in the aerospace and aircraft industry for on-line monitoring of large-scale FRP structures. The development of distributed fibreoptic sensors, which provides information on a large number of continuously distribution parameters such as strain and temperature is of great interest in most engineering applications.11,12 The sensors are embedded into a structure to form a novel self-strainmonitoring system, i.e. the system can self-detect its health status and send response signals to operators during any marginal situation during service. The embedding sensor, due to its extremely small physical size, can provide the information to a high accuracy and resolution without influencing the dimension and mechanical properties of the structure. Fibre-optic sensors present a number of advantages over the conventional strain measuring devices: (a) providing an absolute measurement that is sensitive to fluctuation in irradiance of the illuminating source; (b) enabling the measurement of the strain in different locations in only one single optical fibre by using multiplexing techniques;(c) having a low manufacturing cost for mass production; and (d) its ability to be embedded inside a structure without influencing the mechanical properties of the host material. A new development of Smart materials and structures was driven by a strong demand for high performance over recent years. A system integrated into structures and being able to monitor its hosts physical and mechanical properties such as temperature and strain, during service is appreciated as a Smart structural health monitoring system. The term smart material and structure is widely used to describe the unique marriage of material and structural engineering by using fibre-optic sensors and actuation control technology. The smart structure is constructed of materials that can continuously monitor their own mechanical and physical properties, and thereby, be capable of assessing damage and warning of impending weakness in structural integrity. This design concept results in improved safety and economic concerns regarding the weight saving and avoidance of over-designing of the structure in the long run. In Fig. 1, a schematic illustration of the structures possibilities created by the confluence of the four disciplines is shown. In the figure, a structure invested with actuating, sensing and neutral networking systems to form a new class of adaptive structures is shown. A structure with integrated sensor or actuator systems is able to provide a self-structural health monitoring or actuating response, respectively. If both systems are integrated together into a structure, the sensor and actuators can act as nervous and muscular systems, like a human body, to sense the conditions such as mechanical strain and temperature of the structure (a smart structure) and to provide control of such changes of stiffness, shape and vibration mode (a controlled structure). The combination of these two systems into one structure is called a Smart adaptive structure. This structure with a built-in neural networking system, like a brain, is then able to self evaluate the conditions, which are based on changes of structural parameters, thermal conditions and ambient environments to give an appropriate mechanical adjustment. This structure is commonly called an Intelligent adaptive structure. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY There has been an unprecedented development in the fields of optoelectronics and fiber optic communications. This in turn, has brought about a revolution in the sectors of telecommunication and various other industries. This has been made possible with the aid of high performance and reliable telecommunication links which have low bandwidth cost. Optical fibers have numerous advantages and some disadvantages. The advantages include their small size, resistance to electromagnetic interference and high sensitivity. On the other hand, some of its disadvantages are their high cost and unfamiliarity to the end user. But its great advantages completely overshadow its minor disadvantages. So, in this study an attempt is being made to compare the modern age fiber optic sensors with the conventional sensors. Also, with the aid of the case studies, the impact of fiber optic sensor technology on monitoring of civil structures is studied (McKinley and Boswell 2002). 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT In the past various kinds of sensors have been used in civil engineering for measuring temperature, pressure, stress, strain etc. And as the optical fiber sensors spread their wings, the civil engineering is bound to gain a lot from these modern sensors. Presently, there exist a number of problems with the existing civil infrastructures. These civil infrastructures such as bridges etc. have a pretty long service period which may amount to several decades or maybe even hundred years. Thus, during this time period, these structures suffer from corrosion, fatigue and extreme loading. Since concrete is used mostly in these civil infrastructures, it degradation is a major issue all over the world. The amount of degradation and the time when the degradation starts depends on various factors and is inevitable and unavoidable. Thus, in order to keep these civil structures in good condition, it becomes necessary that their condition be monitored and adequate steps be taken. Thus, we need sensors which can monitor these structures throughout the life of these structures. Thus, in this study the impact of fiber optic sensors is studied on civil structures. 1.3 OBJECTIVES There are a few objectives that are planned to be achieved at the end of this project, these are: A general discussion on the present state of structural monitoring and the need of fiber optic sensors in this field A general study on Comparison between Conventional Sensors and Optical Fiber Sensors Review of Case Studies on Fiber Optic Sensors application in Civil Engineering Structures 1.4 WORK PLAN Discussion, reading and observation Problem identification through reading, discussion and observation of the area studied Understand and identify the background of problem Studying feasibility and needs to carry out the investigation Identification of the Title for the project Identify the aim, objective and scope of the project Literature Review Understanding the background of the problem Understanding the history of the sensor technology in structural monitoring Carrying out literature survey on generic technologies of sensors for concrete structures Identify the types of sensor involved in monitoring the structural in civil engineering Identify the technique used and the working principle for each type of sensors (in particular optical fiber sensors) Case Study Choose the relevant and related case study for discussion Describe important aspects of case study Analyze the use of sensors in the case study Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations Discuss the similarities and differences Discuss the technical facets of sensor application Draw the overall conclusion for this project Give some recommendation for future Chapter 2: APPLICATIONS These days the fiber optic sensors are being used for a variety of applications, the most prominent of them being: Measurement of rotation and acceleration of bodies Measurement of electric and magnetic fields Measurement of temperature and pressure of bodies Measurement of acoustics and vibrations of various bodies Measurement of strain, viscosity and chemical properties of materials Measurement of surface condition and tactile sensing Measurement of sound , speed and proximity of bodies Determination of color and weight of different objects Measurement of linear and angular positions and this is widely utilized in civil engineering structures 2.1 ADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTIC SENSORS Like with any other technology, there are both advantages and disadvantages using fiber optic sensors. The prominent advantages being: Fiber optic sensors are lightweight and this is of great importance in case of engineered structures Fiber optic sensors are of smaller size as compared to the traditional sensors Also, fiber optic sensors consume less power as compared to the traditional sensors Along with this, these sensors show high resistance to electromagnetic interference as compared to the traditional sensors On top of this, fiber optic sensors have enjoy high bandwidth and high sensitivity as compared to their traditional counterparts Fiber optic sensors are usually embedded in objects and due to this, these sensors can gain access to areas which till date remain inaccessible with the aid of traditional sensors Also, these sensors are accurate over a greater dynamic range as compared to the traditional sensors Fiber optic sensors are also capable of being multiplexed which again is a further advantage over their traditional counterparts Also, fiber optic sensors are capable of distributed measurements which gives them an edge over and above the traditional sensors Last but not the least, they also show greater environmental ruggedness as compared to the traditional sensors 2.2 DISADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTIC SENSORS But all this is just one side of the coin. Though on seeing these advantages, it might appear that fiber optic sensors are way too advanced as compared to the traditional ones, but it is not exactly true. These fiber optic sensors also have some disadvantages due to which their advancement in todays world has been somewhat curtailed. The major disadvantages of fiber optic sensors are: Fiber optic sensors are quite costly as compared to the traditional sensors. Due to this, many people still consider traditional sensors to be a better option in cases where cost is a major consideration. Secondly, these sensors have come into prominence only in the last two decades. Due to this, people appear to be somewhat less educated regarding their usage and operations. And this unfamiliarity with the usage of these sensors, has proved to be a major hurdle in being able to capture the whole market. Also, these sensors are considered to be more fragile as compared to the traditional sensors which raises a question over their adaptability in extreme conditions Also with the fiber optic sensors there exists the inherit ingress/egress difficulty Fiber optic sensors usually have a non-linear output which is a cause for concern in some applications From the above discussion, we can see that as is the case with any other new technology, there are both merits and demerits of fiber optic sensors. But, what is worth considering here is that the advantages of this technology are much more than its disadvantages and are able to outweigh them. Also, from the demerits which are mentioned here, it is clear that these demerits are bound to wither away as this technology develops and gains more prominence. 2.3 APPLICATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Now we come to the discussion of the need and applications of the fiber optic sensors in the field of civil engineering structures. The monitoring of civil structures has a great significance in todays world. Today, we not only need to construct reliable and strong civil structures, but we also need to monitor these structures in order to ensure their proper functioning and their safety. Also, with the aid of the monitoring of various parameters of the structures, we can get knowledge about state of the building and by using this data, we can in turn plan the maintenance schedule for the structure (Mckinley, 2000). Also, this data can give us an insight into the real behavior of the structure and can thus take make important decisions regarding the optimization of similar structures which are to b e constructed in future. The maintenance of the structures can be approached in one of the two ways, namely: Material point of view- In this approach, monitoring is concentrated on local properties of the materials which are used in the construction. In this approach, we observe the behavior of the construction materials under the conditions of load, temperature etc. In this approach, short base length sensors are usually utilized. Also, it is possible to get the information about the whole structure with the aid of extrapolation of the data obtained from these sensors. Structural point of view- In this approach of measurement, the structure is viewed from a geometrical point of view. In this approach, long gauge length sensors appear to be the ideal choice. In this approach, we will be able to detect material degradation only if this material degradation has an impact on the form of the structure. In the recent years most of the research work which has been carried out in field of optic sensors has been in the field of material monitoring rather than structural monitoring. It is also worth mentioning here that, more sensors are required in the case of material monitoring as compared to structural monitoring. We know that civil engineering requires sensors that can be embedded in the concrete, mortars, steel, rocks, soil, road pavements etc. and can measure various parameters reliably. Also what should be taken into account is that these sensors should be easy to install and should not hamper the construction work or the properties of the structure in any derogatory manner. Also, it is common knowledge that at the sites of civil engineering, there exist the unavoidable conditions of dust, pollution, electromagnetic disturbances and of unskilled labor. Thus, the sensors to be used in these cases need to be rugged, should be inert to harsh environment conditions and should be easy to install and their installation could be carried out by unskilled labor. Along with all these things, it is imperative that these sensors are able to survive a period of at least ten years so that they can allow for a constant monitoring of the aging of the structure. Thus, we see that the fiber optic sensors ca n prove to be quite handful in civil engineering applications and structures. In the past various kinds of sensors have been used in civil engineering for measuring temperature, pressure, stress, strain etc. And as the optical fiber sensors spread their wings, the civil engineering is bound to gain a lot from these modern sensors (Vurpillot et al., 1998). Chapter 3: LITERATURE REVIEW ON FIBER OPTIC SENSORS Fiber optic sensors are of many kinds, but they can be broadly classified into two types, namely, extrinsic fiber optic sensors and intrinsic fiber optic sensors. There is a great deal of difference between these two types of fiber optic sensors and this difference is discussed in detail below. 3.1 EXTRINSIC FIBER OPTIC SENSORS This type of fiber optic sensor is also known as hybrid fiber optic sensor. As we can see in the figure above that there is a black box and an input fiber enters into this black box. And from this input fiber, information is impressed upon light beam. There can be various ways by which the information can be impressed upon. Usually this information is impressed upon the light beam in terms of frequency or polarization. This light which then posses the information is carried away by the optical fiber. The optical fiber now goes to an electronic processor. (Vurpillot et al., 1998) Here, in the electronic processor the information which is brought along by the fiber is processed. Though we can have separate input fiber and output fiber, but in some cases it is preferred to have the same fiber as the input fiber and the output fiber. 3.2 INTRINSIC FIBER OPTIC SENSORS Intrinsic fiber optic sensors Extrinsic fiber optic sensors In this sensor, the fiber itself acts as the sensor medium In this sensor, the fiber does not act as the sensor medium. It merely acts as a light delivery and collection system In this fiber optic sensor, the light never leaves the medium and always stays inside the medium In this fiber optic sensor, the light leaves the medium, then it is altered in some way and is collected by another fiber. 3.3 INTENSITY BASED FIBER OPTIC SENSORS While there exist various kinds of fiber optic sensors today, but the most common of these sensors is the hybrid type fiber optic sensor which depends upon intensity modulation in order to carry out the measurements (Zako et al., 1995) The functioning of this fiber optic sensor is quite simple. In this fiber optic sensor, light enters from one side. And when this light exits from the other side, it exits in the form of a cone and the angle of this cone depends on two parameters. The two parameters upon which the angle of this cone depends are: Firstly, it depends on the index of refraction of the core Secondly, it depends on the cladding of the optical fiber Also, the amount of light captured by the second optic fiber depends on a number of factors. The prominent factors on which the amount of light captured depend are: It depends on the acceptance angle It also depends on the distance d between the optical fibers Another type of fiber optic sensor is the flexible mounted mirror sensor. The important characteristics of this sensor are: In this case, a mirror is mounted which is used to respond to external parameters such as pressure. The modulation in intensity is caused the shifts in the mirror position. These sensors are used in a variety of applications such as door closures. In a door closure, a reflective strip is used. These sensors are used to measure small variations and displacements 3.4 LINEAR POSITION SENSORS In todays world, linear position sensors have become widely applicable. They are being used for various purposes (Zako et al., 1995). In many of the linear positioning sensors, wavelength division multiplexing is used. An illustration of the linear position sensor is shown in the figure below. The various components of this linear position sensor are: It consists of a broadband light source It consists of various detectors as shown in the figure above It also consists of wavelength division multiplexing element which acts as the principal component of this instrument. It also consists of an encoder card In the example above, a broadband light source is utilized. The light from this broadband source is carried to a wavelength division multiplexing system with the aid of a single optic fiber. The wavelength division multiplexing system is used to determine the linear position. Another linear motion sensing method which is very widely used today and is quite similar to the method discussed above is known as the time division multiplexing method. In this method instead of a broadband light source a light pulse is used. Here, the combination of the returned signals takes place. As a result of this combination of the returned signals, the net signal which is produced moves onto the position of the encoder card. The main areas in which these intensity based fiber optic sensors have found application are: In commercial aircrafts In military aircrafts In these applications these modern sensors have performed quite well and are at par with the performance of the conventional sensors. But, because of the various advantages these sensors enjoy over and above the conventional sensors, these modern sensors are bound to replace the conventional sensors in the years to come. 3.5 LIQUID LEVEL SENSORS This is another type of intensity based fiber optic sensor. In the functioning of this sensor, the principle of total internal reflection is utilized. Thus, in these sensors the refraction index of the glass and the fiber occupy the pivotal role. These sensors can be utilized for a variety of purposes. The most prominent of its applications are: Measurement of pressure changes in gels Measurement of pressure changes in various liquids Measurement of refractive index changes in gels Measurement of refractive index changes in different types of liquids Measurement of the level of a liquid in a vessel and this application is utilized in various industries to measure liquid levels These sensors have an accuracy of about 5 percent and are gaining importance in various industries for their usefulness. 3.6 SOFO SENSORS These are fiber optic sensors which are utilized for strain measurement. These sensors have become quite popular owing to their innate merits. Out of all the fiber optic sensors, these sensors are the ones which are being used most extensively today. These sensors are being used to measure curvature and various other parameters in giant civil structures. These sensors form a part of the interferometric system (Vurpillot et al., 1998). Also, these sensors have the ability of measuring the parameters in an absolute manner using low-coherent light. The important properties of these sensors are: These fiber optic sensors enjoy a high resolution. The resolution of these sensors is 2  µm These sensors can be of varied lengths. Their length can be as small as 0.2m or can be as large as 20m. Also, these sensors have the property of being temperature compensated The SOFO system setup consists of a number of equipments. The main components of the SOFO system setup are: It consists of a fiber optic sensor which forms the crux of this monitoring system. It is the most important component of the monitoring system. It consists of a sensor chain with partial reflectors. One terminal of this sensor is connected to the coupler Another terminal of the sensor chain with partial reflectors is connected to the LED. The coupler in turn is connected to the photo diode and a mobile mirror. This whole portable reading unit is connected to portable computer terminal. This ensures that that the whole monitoring system can be taken to the location and can be directly used at site. These sensors can be utilized in two ways. They can either be embedded in the structure at the time of the construction of the structure. Or, they can used to measure the various parameters externally. Though in both the cases, that is, in case of embedding or in the case of external anchoring, the performance of the sensors remains the same, but still, in modern smart structures, embedding is preferred (Perez 2001). .This is because, in the case of embedded sensors, the sensors continuously measure the parameters and are easy to manage. Whereas in the older structures, where embedding is not preferred, external anchoring is used. Chapter 4: CASE STUDIES Case study 1: Monitoring of San Giorgio pier San Giorgio pier is a massive concrete structure. Its length is about 400metres. It is very essential to carry out its monitoring in order to know about its deformation. This in turn, is very useful in determining the safety of this pier. At this pier, it was earlier proposed to use the conventional methods to monitor the deformation. This involved the use of conventional sensors for measurement. But, the problem with this method was that in the case of conventional sensors, we could get the data of the various parameters of the pier for only a short period. And, as we know that in order to determine anything conclusively about such large concrete structures we need data for a very long period. But, here as it was the case with the conventional sensors, we could get data only for short periods. Thus, with the aid of the conventional methods which were employing conventional sensors, we could not say anything conclusively. (Andrea Del Grosso et al.) Thus, there existed the need to emp loy fiber optic sensors in order to determine the deformation of this massive pier. It was possible to measure the deformation of this pier with the aid of the fiber optic sensors because of the following advantages which the fiber optic sensors enjoy over and above the conventional sensors: Fiber optic sensors are long base strain sensors and this property of the fiber optic sensors was very important in this case. This was because, as the pier was a massive concrete structure, therefore, measurement of local strains on the pier was of very little significance. As is the case with such massive structures, it was very important to get the strain values for large areas of the pier and for this purpose, the local strain values did not solve the purpose. Secondly, it was required that the sensors which are employed have very high precision. This was essential in order to properly determine the amount of deformation in the pier. Also, as these values were to be extensively used in further calculations, there it became indispensible that these values were very accurate and precise. But, as is the case with the conventional sensors, the values provided by the conventional sensors are not very precise and this was seen as a major drawback of the conventional sensors in this application. But, with the aid of the fiber optic sensors it was realized that we could measure the deformation values very precisely and thus fiber optic sensors became a natural choice over the conventional sensors. Another parameter which was to be considered in mind was the stability of the sensor which was to be used. As we know, that measurements were to be made over a long period of time. Thus, it became essential to have a sensor which would stand the wrath of the extreme conditions. The sensor was ought to be such that it would be able to function properly and without degradation while working in extreme conditions over long periods of time. Also, it was realized that as it mostly happens with such massive structures, thermal phenomena might assume a pivotal role in the determination of the deformation of the structure. It was understood, that because the pier was of a large length (400 meters in length), over a period of time it might develop complex transient fields. Thus, we needed a sensor which could work well under these transient fields and also could accurately measure the thermal phenomena. Thus, it wss decided to use fiber optic sensors in this case. Because of all the above factors and also because of the inherit advantages of the fiber optic sensors over the conventional sensors, it was decided that fiber optic sensors would be used in this case. Thus, the study was carried out with the aid of fiber optic sensors. Before going further, it is imperative to look at the structural parameters of this giant structure. As already mentioned, the total length of this pier is around 400 meters. This giant pier was built around 1920 and since then has been used for the import of coal. Also, it has a nearby basin and it has been decided to dredge the basin. The dredging of the basin will put further pressure on the wall. So, it became essential to strengthen the wall so that it could stand erect even when dredging is carried out. (Andrea Del Grosso et al.) The highlights of this study carried out on the San Giorgio pier are: This study was carried out in order to determine the safety and operability of the pier. In the past, a lot of retrofitting operations had taken places on the pier. It was decided that through this study, along with determining the safety and operability of the pier, the impact of these past retrofitting operations would also be analyzed. The whole study and all the related tasks were undertaken by Port Authority of Genoa. This authority was responsible for each and every activity which was carried out on the pier in order to complete the study. Its work included the initial analysis of the pier, determination of the type of sensors to be utilized, to ensure the proper working of the sensors and so on. In order to carry out the study, it was decided to put up sensors along the east quay wall the structure. It was decided to use the SOFO sensors for this purpose. Also, it was realized that in order to accurately measure the parameters of the structure, it was essential to measure the parameters at various points along the whole structure. Thus, 72 sensors were used for this purpose. They were put up along the whole length of the structure in order to provide a wider overall prospective of the various parameters along the whole length. These sensors were of 10 m base length. Also, these sensors were placed in such a way that each measuring section consisted of 3 sensors. With the aid of the sensors employed, it is possible to measure the strain and curvature at various points along the wall. This includes measurement of curvature of the walls and also the determination of linear strain at various points, including the corners. Before the dredging, it was decided that an initial analysis of the wall be carried out. It was thought that this initial analysis will not help in providing a better picture of the whole structure and its properties but would also help in determining a normal structural behavior. IT was realized, that once this normal behavior was determined it would be of great value. This is because this normal behavior would then be compared with the behavior of the structure at later stages. When the dredging would be carried out, the behavior of the structure will inevitably undergo a change. At that point, the behavior of the structure will be studied in reference to the normal behavior of the structure which had been determined. All the sensors which have been placed have been fully functional and have been collecting data since 1999. As a result, a lot of data has been collected and a lot of analysis has been done. As it is often with such cases, no direct correlations have been found. As there are a lot of parameters involved, it is not practically possible to derive an analytical solution. Instead, in order to make full use of the data obtained, statistical models are being used. Various statistical models have been utilized and it has been tried to fit the data into these statistical models and derive the results. Though many statistical models have come quite close to the level of accuracy required, but still a lot is desired. The team is in the process of further characterization of the data with the aid of the statistical tools and software available. Case study 2: Monitoring of Mjosundet Bridge Fiber optic sensors have been utilized for various purposes in the recent past. Along with monitoring of large structures such as buildings, piers etc. , fiber optic sensors have also been utilized in the monitoring of even bridges. These fiber optic sensors have been used to determine the amount of deformation, curvature etc. of the bridges. This in turn helps in the analysis of the bridges. It helps in determining the safety and workability of the bridge. Also, this analysis helps us in understanding the working of the bridges better and gives us a useful insight into the working of the bridge. The bridge under consideration in this case study is a massive bridge which is in Aure, in the north-west coast of Norway. It is a vast structure and is about 350 meters in length. This study of this massive bridge structure was taken up the EU under the project MILLENIUM. In order to carry out this project, two fiber optic sensor based monitoring systems were developed. These monitoring sys tems were tested under a lot of conditions. It was proposed that these monitoring systems should be tested in labs as well as in real conditions. In the labs, the real life situations were simulated and the monitoring was done (Mckinley, 2000). Along with this, these monitoring systems were exposed to real situations whose monitoring results were already known. As a result of this, the results from this monitoring package were compared with the already available results. Also, the results of this monitoring system were compared with the lab results. By the comparison of the actual results with the laboratory results, a sort of correlation was obtained between them and this correlation was used in further applications. The main highlights of the study carried out on this concrete structure are: It was decided that in order to get a clear picture of the amount of deformation and other parameters, it was necessary to measure the parameters at different locations of the structure. O, instead of measuring the parameters at a single location, the parameters were measured at six different locations on the bridge. This, helped the team in determining more accurately the parameters and also gave them a more clear picture of the condition of the bridge. It was seen that In this study, the role of conventional sensors cannot be completely taken over by fiber optic sensors. Because of the requirement of the conventional sensors, it was decided that some conventional sensors will also be used. As a result, in this study though the fiber optic sensors were of prime importance, some conventional strain gauges were also used. Thus, the fiber optic sensors and the conventional strain gauges were used in a synergic manner (McKinley and Boswell 2002). In order to fully carry out the whole instrumentation of the structure, the following were used: Various FOSs were used all along the structure. As already mentioned, electrical strain gauges were also employed for measurement of parameters. In order to measure the displacement, transducers and load cells were also used extensively on the bridge Case study 3: Spatial deformation monitoring of the Lutrive bridges This project was carried out in Vaud Canton (Switzerland) from 1996-2000. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial deformation monitoring of the bridges. The Lutrive bridges are a set of 2 bridges. These bridges are parallel to each other and are about 400 meters in length. The important points regarding this project were: In this project, SOFO sensors were installed to measure the various parameters. For the purpose of measurement of curvature, 10 meter long SOFO sensors were employed. Six SOFO sensors were used for this purpose. The total number of sensors employed in this project were 26 It was agreed to measure the vertical displacements of the bridge. These results were then compared with the simulations which were carried out in the laboratory. The sensors were used to measure the readings and also calculate the variations in the deviations all round the clock. These data points were then analyzed. Chapter 5: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS Results from Case study 1: A lot of stress has been given by the team to correlate the various parameters measured by the fiber optic sensors. Two of the most important parameters that are measured by the fiber optic sensors in this case are: Temperature at the various locations along the pier Curvature of the walls of the pier. In order to determine the curvature of the walls, it was decided to take the readings from a lot of points along the wall instead of just few readings in order to get a fairly accurate value of the curvature of the walls of the massive structure From the data which was collected, it was tried to correlate these two important parameters. To correlate these parameters a lot of software tools were utilized. A lot of plots were drawn between these two parameters. From the data collected by the different sensors, different plots were drawn. Though these plots were somewhat different, but all of these plots had some basic underlying features. An example of the plot which was drawn in order to correlate these two parameters is shown in the figure below. As it is evident from the plot above, there seems to be some sort of correlation between these two parameters. Both the temperature and the curvature of the walls seem to have a similar trend. From the data collected by 72 SOFO sensors placed all along the structure a variety of such plots were drawn and the relation between the temperature and curvature was analyzed. With the aid of such analysis, the safety, operability and the effect of retrofitting was analyzed. Results from Case study 2: In this case study, conventional as well as fiber optic sensors was utilized. Thus, it was imperative that the results from these types of sensors be analyzed and compared. The following results were obtained on comparison of the results from the conventional sensors and fiber optic sensors: The average difference between FOS and ERSG sensors was found to be 1.2 units The standard deviation between the results from these two sensors was found to be 11.9 units Thus, this study shows that in terms of accuracy, precision and stability in extreme conditions, fiber optic sensors are as good as and in some instances even better than the conventional sensors. Also this study proved that in the case of fiber optic sensors, it is possible to manufacture sensor trees which are up to thousand meters in length. While, such long sensors are not possible in the case of conventional sensors. Thus, it is shown, that in the case of monitoring of large structures, fiber optic sensors appear to be the natural choice over the conventional sensors. Results from Case study 3: The data collected by the fiber optic sensors was compared with the results produced from the hydrostatic leveling system. This comparison is shown with the aid of a graph shown below. The solid line refers to the results obtained from the fiber optic sensors, whereas, the dotted line refers to the data from the hydrostatic leveling system. With the comparison of these data from the two sources, the precision of hydrostatic leveling system could be found out. It was found out to be about +/- 0.5 mm. The fiber optic sensors were found out to be more precise than the conventional sensors. In the case of fiber optic sensors, the precision was found to better than the conventional hydrostatic leveling system by +/- 0.1mm. Chapter 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS From this study, it is clear that fiber optic sensor technology has gone miles in the last few decades. It has grown significantly in the last few years. More and more scientists are working in the field of fiber optic sensor technology and new findings are being made in this sphere. It should be noticed that in the last few years, industrial applications of fiber optic sensors has also increased. Earlier, while this technology was in the nascent stage, the industries which traditionally use conventional sensors for the purpose of measurement of various parameters, didnt show much faith in this new technology of fiber optic sensing. But with time, as it has been proved again and again that fiber optic sensors are superior in their working, accuracy and in precision as compared to the conventional sensors, the industries have also started showing faith in them. In the field of monitoring of civil engineering structures, the fiber optic sensors have occupied a strong position today. In just a span of few years, they have made SOFO sensors a viable option in various applications. Also, another point to ponder over is regarding the placing of the fiber optic sensors in the civil structures. It should be noted that there are two options available to us in this respect: embedding of the fiber optic sensors and external anchoring of the fiber optic sensors. Both of these techniques have their inherent advantages and disadvantages. In most cases, the embedding of the sensors is not possible because of various reasons. It should be noted that that though embedding of the fiber optic sensors is a very tough task, but at the same time, it is very rewarding. In terms of the quality of the data collected and the easiness in terms of collection of data, embedded fiber optic sensors enjoy a great advantage over fiber optic sensors which are anchored externally. From this study, we have tried to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of fiber optic sensors. Also, we have tri ed to see the extent of their applications in various fields, especially in monitoring civil engineering structures. It has been shown that the fiber optic sensors enjoy inherit advantages over the conventional sensors and these outweigh some of the disadvantages which they have. Also, from the case studies it is evident that in terms of performance and durability, the fiber optic sensors are as good as the conventional sensors. Also, in some cases it is indispensable to have fiber optic sensors. But, it is also realized that though fiber optic sensors have brought about a revolution in the last few decades, but still they havent been able to completely outperform the conventional sensors. The main reason for this being the high cost of these fibers optic sensors as compared to the conventional sensors. But in the years to come, as mass production of fiber optic sensors gains momentum, these sensors are bound to become cheap and it is envisioned that at that stage these sensors will completely replace conventional sensors. But, till this stage is reached it is recommended that it would be quite economical if these fiber optic sensors are used alongside conventional sensors. This will not only prove to be economical but will also provide further opportunities to compare these two sensors. Also, it is worth noting that many of the industries which today use fiber optic sensors, use only one kind of fiber optic sensor for all their purposes. Due to the recent development which has taken place, there a many kinds of fiber optic sensors which have been developed. So, it is advisable that instead of using only one kind of fiber optic sensor for all the purposes, use should be made of the different kinds of fiber optic sensors that are available today. Along with all this, it is worth mentioning that in the recent past, sensor multiplexing has become quite important. And as this technique is of great value proposition, it should be taken forward and developed further . References J. Dakin and B. Culshaw, 1988, Optical Fiber Sensors: Principals and Components, Volume 1, Artech E. Udd, 1991, Fiber Optic Sensors: An Introduction for Engineers and Scientists, Wiley Zako, Uragaki and Kodate, 1995, On intelligent structures using optical fiber ~crack sensing with optical fiber!. Vurpillot, Gaston, Benouaich, Clement and Inaudi, 1998, Vertical deflection of a pre-stressed concrete bridge obtained using deformation sensors and inclinometer measurements. McKinley, 2000, Large-scale bridge model construction and test results. McKinley and Boswell, 2002, Optical fiber systems for bridge monitoring. Andrea, Inaudi and Bergmeister, 2002, Monitoring of bridges and concrete structures with fiber optic sensors in Europe Vurpillot et al., 1996, Bridge Spatial Deformation Monitoring with 100 Fiber Optic Deformation Sensors Bergmeister and Santa, 1999, Global Monitoring Concepts for Bridges Del Grossoet al.,2000, Strain and Displacement Monitoring of a Quay Wall in the Port of Genoa by means of Fiber Optic Sensors Thevenaz L., 1998, Truly Distributed Strain and Temperature sensing Using Embedded Optical Fibers Inaudid et al., 1998, Structural Monitoring by Curvature Analysis using Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensors Inaudid, Elamaria et al.,1994 , Low-Coherence Deformation Sensors for the Monitoring of Civil Engineering Structures Karashima , 1990, Distributed Temperature sensing using stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Optical Silica Fibers Nikeles et al., 1994, Simple Distributed temperature sensor based on Brillouin gain spectrum analysis Aktan et al., 1997, Structural Identification for Condition Assessment: Experimental Art Inaudid, 2000, Application of Fibre Optic Sensors to Structural Monitoring Ansari F., 1998, Fiber Optic Sensors for Construction Materials and Bridges Culshaw B.,1996, Smart Structures and Materials Inaudi, 2002 , Photonic Sensing Technology in Civil Engineering Applications Lienhart W., Brunner F.K., 2003, Monitoring of Bridge Deformations using Embedded Fiber Optical Sensors Measures R.M., 2001, Structural Monitoring with Fiber Optic Technology Karbhariv and Seible, 2000, Fiber Reinforced composites à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"advanced materials for the renewal of civil infrastructure Lau K. T. and Yuan, 2002, Applications of composites, optical fibre sensors and smart composites for concrete rehabilitation Martinola et al., 2001, Numerical model for minimizing risk of damage in repair system Czarnek et al., 1989, Interferemetric measurements of strain concentrations induced by optical fiber embedded in a fiber reinforced composite Luo F. et al., 1999, A fibre optic microbend sensor for distributed sensing application in the structural strain monitoring Lau K. et al. , 1999, Strain evaluation on strengthened concrete beam by using FBG sensor Meissner J. et al., 1997, Strain monitoring at a pre-stressed concrete bridge Bascom W. D. and Jensen R. M., 1986, Stress transfer in single fiber/ resin tensile tests Yuan L. and Zhou L. M., 1998, Sensitivity coefficient evaluation of an embedded fibre optic strain sensor Yuan and Ansarif, 1998, Embedding white light interferometer fibre optic strain sensor for concrete beam crack-tip opening monitoring Yuan L. and Zhou L. M., 1998, Temperature compensated fiber optic strain sensor using differential white-light interferometric technique Claus R. O. et al., 1993, Extrinsic Fabry-Perot sensor for structural evaluation Kattsuyami et al., 1981, Low-loss single-mode polarization fibers Ansarif and Wangj, 1995, Rate sensitivity of high birefringent fiber optic sensors under large dynamic loads Yuan L. B. et al., 2001, The temperature characteristic of fibre-optic pre-embedded concrete bar sensors Kersey and Morey W. W. , 1993, Multiplexed fibre Bragg grating strain sensor system with a fibre Fabry-Perot wavelength filter Tated A M. and Horiguchi T., 1989, Advances in optical time domain reflectometry Kersey A. D. and Morey W. W., 1993, Multiplexed Bragg grating fiber-laser strain sensor system with mode-locked interrogation Dewynters and Balageas, 1998, Embedded fibre Bragg grating sensors for industrial composite cure monitoring Kalamkarov A. L., 2000, Processing and evaluation of pultruded smart composites with embedded fibre optic sensors Measures R. M. et al., 1994, Bragg Grating structural sensing system for Fibre-optic sensors and smart composites for concrete applications Saouma V. E. et al., 1998, Application of fibre Bragg grating in local and remote infrastructure health monitoring Kersey A. D. et al., 1996, Progress towards the development of practical fibre Bragg grating instrumentation systems